Cardiovascular System

Chapter 7
SPS113
 Anatomy Of The Heart
1.Size & Location
2.Cone-shaped
3.About the size of its owner fist
4.Located in the center of the thorax
(mediastinum)
5.Obliquely, with about two third of its bulk to the
left of the body’s midline
 Coverings & Walls
1.Pericardium
1.Fibrous pericardium
2.Serous pericardium
2.Parietal layer
3.Visceral layer
▫ Pericardial cavity contains
lubricating serous fluid
▫ Wall of the heart is
composed of:
1.Epicardium (visceral
pericardium)/outer
2.Myocardium (cardiac
muscle)/middle
3.Endocardium/inner
Chambers & Associated Great Vessels
4 chambers :
1. Right atrium 3. Left atrium
2. Right ventricle 4.Left ventricle

2 atrioventricular (AV) valves:

Right Left
1. tricuspid valve 2. Bicuspid(mitral) valve

2 semilunar valves:
Right Left
1. Pulmonary semilunar valve 2. Aortic semilunar valve

Great vessels of the heart are the 1.superior vena cava, 2.inferior vena
cava, 3.pulmonary arteries, 4.pulmonary veins and 5.aorta
 Pathway Of Blood Through The Heart

• The heart functions as a double pump.

• The right heart is the pulmonary circuit pump

(right heart to lungs to left heart)- deoxygenated

• The left heart is the systemic circuit pump (left

heart to body tissues to right heart)-oxygenated
Superior vena cava + Inferior vena
cava

Right atrium

Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Pulmonary arteries

Lungs

Pulmonary veins

Left atrium

Bicuspid(mitral) valve

Left ventricle

Aortic semilunar valve

Aorta

All parts of the body
 Coronary Circulation
 circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart
muscle (myocardium)

 The right & left coronary arteries branch from the aorta &
via their main branches supply the heart itself.

 Venous blood, collected by the cardiac veins, is emptied

into the coronary sinus.

*Venous blood : Blood that has passed through the capillaries of various tissues other than the
lungs, is found in the veins, in the right chambers of the heart, and in pulmonary arteries, and is
usually dark red as a result of a lower content of oxygen.

*Coronary sinus : collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood
from the heart muscle (myocardium). It delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium, as do
the superior and inferior vena cava.
Cardiac Conduction System
Cardiac muscle has a unique ability to
generate its own electrical signal call
“autoconduction”.

4 components:
1.Sinoatrial (SA) node
2.Atrioventricular (AV) node
3.Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (Bundle of His)
4.Purkinje fibers
 Step Of Auto conduction
Step 1: Pacemaker Impulse
Generation
a natural pacemaker because it sets the
pace of the heartbeat. Cardiac muscle
contraction begins(impulse) causes the
right and left atria to contract and push
blood into the ventricles.

Step 2: AV Node Impulse

Conduction
From the atria, the electrical signal
spreads to the AV node, a group of cells
found between the atria.
 Step Of Auto conduction
Step 3: AV Bundle Impulse Conduction
The electrical impulse then travels through
the AV bundle of His, which divides into a
right and left bundle branches.

Step 4: Purkinje Fibers Impulse

Conduction
•Action potential spreads through the
Purkinje fibers, which causes the left and
right ventricles to contract.
•The strong contraction of the ventricles
causes the pumping of the blood from the
right ventricle to the lungs, and from the left
ventricle to the rest of the body.
•After contract, they relax and get filled with
more blood and cycle again.
 Blood Vessels

Blood Vessels
• Human blood flows in a closed system, remaining
essentially within the vessels that carry it

Blood Vessel Structure

All blood vessels except capillaries have 3 layers:
1.Tunica intima(inner)
2.Tunica media(middle)
3.Tunica adventitia(outer)

*Capillary walls are composed of the tunica intima

only
Types Of Blood Vessels
 Types of Blood Vessels : 1. Arterial system
1. Arteries
• Carry blood away from the heart
• Arterial blood is oxygenated, with the exception of the blood in the
pulmonary arteries
• Divided into 3 groups relative to size & function:
1.Elastic (conducting) arteries
2.Muscular (distributing) arteries
3.Arterioles
2. Arterioles
• The smallest of the arteries
• Arteries branches into smaller arteries and then into the smallest
arterioles shortly before reaching the capillary network

3. Capillaries
• The smallest blood vessels
• Arterioles enter the body tissues and branch out further to form
capillaries
• Bridge between the arterial and venous system
• Exchange of materials (gases, nutrients, hormones, etc)
 Types of Blood Vessels : 2. Venous system

4.Venules
• Blood drains from capillaries into
venules
• Tiny vein that unite to form larger
venules and veins

5.Veins
• Carry blood toward the heart
• Carry deoxygenated blood from the
body tissues to the heart, with
exception of the pulmonary veins
• Contain paired semilunar valves that
permit blood to flow only one direction,
restricting any backflow
Blood Vessels Flow
 BLOOD CIRCULATION

1.Pulmonary Circulation
• Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where CO2 is
removed and O2 is added
• It then carries oxygenated blood back to the heart

2.Systemic Circulation
• Supplies the tissues of the body with oxygenated blood and also
returns deoxygenated blood to the heart
The Blood
 BLOOD
1.‘River of Life’ that surges within us
2.life-sustaining fluid (‘magical fluid’)
3.serves as a vehicle (transport) for distributing body heat,
transporting nutrients, gases & other substances
throughout the body

Properties of Blood (Physical characteristics &

Volume)

1.More dense and viscous than water

2.About 8% of total body weight
3.Average blood volume of a normal adult is about 5 L
4.Slightly alkaline – pH between 7.35 – 7.45
5.Temperature averages about 38 C
6.Scarlet to dull red, depending on the amount of O2
carried
 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
1.Distribution functions
• Deliver of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
• Removal of metabolic wastes
• Transport of hormones

2.Regulation functions
• Maintain body temperature
• Control constant blood pH
• Maintain adequate fluid volume

3.Protective functions
• Prevention of infection
• Hemostasis (stoppage of blood from injured blood vessel
involves 3 steps: platelet plug formation, vascular spams &
blood clot formation)
 COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

• Composed of plasma ( nonliving fluid matrix-55%)

and formed elements (living blood cell -45%).

• Buffy coat – thin, whitish layer at the erythrocyte-

plasma junction; contains leukocytes & platelets.

• Hematocrit is a measure of one formed elements,

erythrocytes, as a percentage of total blood volume.
1. Plasma
• 55% of whole blood
• 90% water
• 10% solutes, e.g. nutrients, respiratory
gases, hormones, plasma protein (albumin,
globulin, fibrinogen),antibodies, metabolic
waste, electrolytes (salts- sodium,
potassium, calcium, magnesium), etc
2. Formed elements
• 45% of whole blood
• Consist of:
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• White blood cells (leukocytes)
• Platelets (cell fragments)
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
▫ Biconcave shape / disc-shaped
▫ Contain large amount of hemoglobin (transport O 2
and helps remove CO2); have no nucleus & few
organelles
▫ Transport of O2 in blood
 O2 + hemoglobin = oxyhemoglobin
 Transport of CO2 in blood
▫ As bicarbonate ions (60%)
▫ Bound to hemoglobin (30%)=
carbaminohemoglobin
▫ Dissolved in plasma (10%)
 Life span = 100 - 120 days
 Old & damage erythrocytes are removed by
macrophages of the liver & spleen
 Erythrocyte disorders include anemia & polycythemia
Leukocytes (WBCs)
• Defending body against harmful microorganisms
and foreign particles (Defense & immunity)
• 2 basic classifications/groups:
• Granulocytes
▫ Neutrophils
▫ Eosinophils
▫ Basophils
• Agranulocytes
▫ Lymphocytes
▫ Monocytes
 Life span = few hours - months or years
 Leukocyte disorders include leukemia (cancer of
leukocytes) & infectious mononucleosiss
Platelets
 not cells in the strict sense
 fragments of megakaryocytes
 darkly staining & irregularly shaped
bodies
 Initiate the blood-clotting process
 Life span = 7 - 8 days
 Hematopoiesis
(Blood Cell formation)

•All formed elements arise

from a common type of stem
cell, hemocytoblast.
•Occurs in red bone marrow.
•Stimulus for hematopoiesis
is hormonal (eg: hormone
erythropoietin enhance
erythropoiesis).
•Erythropoiesis = erythrocyte
production
•Leukopoiesis = production
of leukocytes
Blood Types/ ABO Blood Groups

• Classified on the basis of protein (antigen) on

RBC membranes
Blood Type Donate Receive
A A, AB A, O
B B, AB B, O
AB AB A, B, AB, O
(least common) (Universal recipient)

O A, B, AB, O O
(most common) (universal donor)