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MITOSIS

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13 views

MITOSIS

Uploaded by

fiids.castro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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General Biology 1

Lesson 4
Page 63

MITOSIS Prepared by:


Fidel Castro
Learning Goals
In this module, you will be able to:
1. Describe each stage in the cell cycle.
2. Characterize the phases of mitosis and its control
points.
3. Explain the process of cytokinesis.
Learning Goals
In this module, you will be able to:

4. Explain the importance of mitosis.


5. Identify some disorders and diseases that result
from the malfunction of the cell during the cell
cycle.
6. Examine mitotic stages in an onion root tip using
a compound microscope.
Mitosis is a type of
Cell Division done by
most of your body
cells, and its really
important for the cell
to divide.
Mitosis is the
process by which
a cell replicates
its
chromosomes
and then
segregates
them,
producing two
identical nuclei
Mitosis
makes an
Identical
Cell
A cell spends
most of its time
in what is called
interphase, and
during this time
it grows,
replicates its
chromosomes,
and prepares
for cell
G1
Phase
G stands for gap because it was initially believed
that there is nothing significant happening at this
stage.
However, this is where several important
processes take place inside the cell in
preparation for mitosis.
- In G1, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins,
which are needed for chromosome replication.
There are two checkpoints in G1.

- Namely, the G1 DNA-damage checkpoint and


the restriction checkpoint.
- The G1 DNA-damage checkpoint evaluates
the DNA’s integrity.
- The restriction checkpoint evaluates the cell’s
capability to undergo cell division. If the cell
is ready, it will proceed to the S phase.
S Phase
(DNA
Synthesis
Phase)
In the S (synthesis) phase, chromosomes are
replicated.

- This means that there is twice the actual DNA


now present in the cell.
- Each chromosome consists of two chromatids.

A chromatid is one copy of a newly copied


chromosome.
However, the chromosomes will become visible
only in prophase.

- At this point, you will not be able to see the


chromosomes using an ordinary light
microscope.
- The S DNA-damage checkpoint monitors the
replication process during this phase.
G2 Phase
At this point, the cell rapidly grows and protein
synthesis continues.

- The G2 DNA damage checkpoint checks


activities in G2 to ensure its proper flow.
- The unreplicated DNA checkpoint ensures that
DNA synthesis is complete before proceeding
to mitosis.
MITOSIS
If you have 46
chromosomes in
the human body
cells, you have to
duplicate those
chromosomes in
Interphase before
Mitosis Starts!
In prophase, the
chromosomes
condense and are now
visible even with just
using the ordinary light
microscope.
A chromosome
consists of two sister
chromatids attached
to the single
centromere
In the late part of prophase, the nuclear
envelope and the nucleolus DISAPPEAR.

The KINETOCHORE, a special protein


complex, appears at the centromere. The function
of the kinetochore is to link the spindle fibers to
the centromere.
In this phase, there are
three kinds of
microtubules in the
spindle fibers: the astral,
the polar, and the
kinetochore.

- Astral microtubules
are those that grow
only near the
centrosome (the
Polar microtubules
grow away from the
centrosome.

These overlap at the


middle where the
chromosomes are
located, but they are
still not attached to
the kinetochore.
Kinetochore
microtubules are the
only ones attached
to the kinetochore.
In metaphase, the
kinetochore
microtubule directs
the chromosomes
toward the center of
the cell in an area
that is called the
metaphase plate or
the equatorial plate.
The spindle
assembly checkpoint
guarantees the
proper alignment
of the
chromosomes at the
metaphase plate.
This prevents the
untimely onset of
anaphase

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