Database Programming

• JDBC: Introduction
• JDBC Architecture
• Types of Drivers
• Statement
• ResultSet, Read Only ResultSet, Updatable
ResultSet, Forward Only ResultSet, Scrollable
ResultSet
• PreparedStatement, Connection Modes,
SavePoint, Batch Updations
• CallableStatement, BLOB & CLOB
IBM
Database Architectures

• Two-tier
• Three-tier
• N-tier

2 IBM
Two-Tier Architecture

• Client connects directly to

server
• e.g. HTTP, email

3 IBM
Two-Tier Pros

• Simple
• Client-side scripting offloads
work onto the client

4 IBM
Two-Tier Cons User Interface

• Fat client UI Logic

Client Layer
• Server bottlenecks
• Software Distribution problem
Business Logic
• Inflexible

User Data
DML Operations

Network
Validation
Checks

Database
Server Layer
Tables

5 IBM
 User Interface
Three-Tier Architecture
Client Layer
UI Logic
• Application Server sits
between client and database
Business Messages

Network
Application Server Business Logic
Layer

User Data
DML Operations

Network
Validation
Checks

Database Server Database

Layer Tables

6 IBM
Three-Tier Pros

• flexible: can change one part

without affecting others
• can connect to different
databases without changing
code
• specialization: presentation /
business logic / data
management
• can cache queries

7 IBM
Three-Tier Cons

• higher complexity
• higher maintenance
• lower network efficiency
• more parts to configure (and buy)

8 IBM
N-Tier Architecture

• Design your application using as many “tiers” as you need

• Use Object-Oriented Design techniques
• Put the various components on whatever host makes sense
• Java allows N-Tier Architecture, especially with RMI and JDBC

9 IBM
 Java Application Connects to
Database
• The below given figure shows the Employee Logging System
application developed in Java interacting with the Employee
database using the JDBC API:

Employee Logging System

RDBMS
EmpName
EmployeeLog
E-Mail Address JDBC API Name Email

10
JDBC Architecture
 It can be categorized into into two layers:

JDBC Application Layer JDBC Driver Layer

Driver Oracle

Java JDBC
Driver DB2
Application API

Driver SQL Server

11
JDBC Architecture (Continued)

Application JDBC Driver

• Java code calls JDBC library

• JDBC loads a driver
• Driver talks to a particular database
• Can have more than one driver -> more than one database
• Can change database engines without changing any application
code

12 IBM
JDBC Drivers

• Type I: “Bridge” - JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver

• Type II: “Native” -

Native-API Partly-Java Driver

• Type III: “Middleware” -

JDBC-Net Pure-Java Driver
• Type IV: “Pure” -

Native Protocol Pure-Java Driver

Overview of All Drivers

13 IBM
Type I Drivers

• Use bridging technology

• Translates query obtained by

JDBC into corresponding ODBC
query, which is then handled by
the ODBC driver.

• Almost any database for which

ODBC driver is installed, can be
accessed.

Go Back To
JDBC Driver List
14 IBM
Disadvantage of Type-I Driver

• Performance overhead since the calls have to go through the JDBC

overhead bridge to the ODBC driver, then to the native db
connectivity interface.

• The ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client machine.

• Not good for Web

Go Back To
JDBC Driver List
15 IBM
Type II Drivers

• Native API drivers

• Better performance than Type 1

since no jdbc to odbc translation is
needed.

• Converts JDBC calls into calls to

the client API for that database.

Go Back To
JDBC Driver List
16 IBM
Disadvantage of Type-II Driver

• The vendor client library needs to be installed on the client

machine.
• Cannot be used in internet due the client side software needed.
• The driver is compiled for use with the particular operating system.
• Mostly obsolete now
• Not good for Web

Go Back To
JDBC Driver List
17 IBM
Type III Drivers
• Follows a three tier communication
approach.

• Calls middleware server, usually

on database host

• Very flexible -- allows access to

multiple databases using one
driver

• Only need to download one driver

Go Back To
JDBC Driver List
18 IBM
Disadvantage of Type-III Driver

• Requires database-specific coding to be done in the middle tier.

• An extra layer added may result in a time-bottleneck.

Go Back To
JDBC Driver List
19 IBM
Type IV Drivers

• 100% Pure Java -- the Holy Grail

• Communicate directly with a
vendor’s database through socket
connection
• Use Java networking libraries to
talk directly to database engines
• e.g include the widely used Oracle
thin driver - oracle.jdbc.driver.
OracleDriver

Go Back To
JDBC Driver List
20 IBM
Disadvantage of Type-IV Driver

• At client side, a separate driver is needed for each database

Go Back To
JDBC Driver List
21 IBM
JDBC Drivers (Fig.)

Type I ODBC
JDBC
“Bridge” Driver

Type II
“Native” CLI (.lib)

JDBC
Type III Middleware
“Middleware” Server

Type IV
“Pure”

22 IBM
Related Technologies

• ODBC
Requires configuration (odbc.ini)
• RDO, ADO
Requires Win32
• JavaBlend
maps objects to tables transparently (more or less)

23 IBM
 JDBC API

24 IBM
JDBC API
• The JDBC API classes and interfaces are available in the
java.sql and the javax.sql packages.

• The commonly used classes and interfaces in the JDBC API

are:

 DriverManager class: Loads the driver for a database.

 Driver interface: Represents a database driver. All JDBC

driver classes must implement the Driver interface.

 Connection interface: Enables you to establish a

connection between a Java application and a database.

25
JDBC API (Continued)

 Statement interface: Enables you to execute SQL

statements.

 ResultSet interface: Represents the information

retrieved from a database.

 SQLException class: Provides information about the

exceptions that occur while interacting with databases.

26
Steps to create JDBC Application

DriverManager

Driver

Connection

Statement

ResultSet

27 IBM
Steps to create JDBC Application (Continued)

Load A Driver

Connect to a Database

Create and execute SQL statements

Handle SQL Exception

28
JDBC API (Continued)

Load A Driver

• Loading a Driver can be done in two ways:

• Programmatically:
 Using the forName() method
 Using the registerDriver()method

• Manually:
 By setting system property

29
JDBC API (Continued)

Load A Driver (Programmatically)

• Using the forName() method

 The forName() method is available in the java.lang.Class

class.
 The forName() method loads the JDBC driver and registers
the driver with the driver manager.
 The method call to use the the forName() method is:
 Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");

30
JDBC API (Continued)

Load A Driver (Programmatically)

• Using the registerDriver() method

 You can create an instance of the Driver class to load a JDBC
driver.
 This instance provide the name of the driver class at run time.
 The statement to create an instance of the Driver class is:
Driver d = new sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver();
 You need to call the registerDriver() method to register the Driver
object with the DriverManager.
 The method call to register the JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver is:
DriverManager.registerDriver(d);

31
JDBC API (Continued)

Load A Driver (Manually)

• Setting System Property

 To load a JDBC driver, add driver name to the jdbc.drivers
system property.
 Use the –D command line option to set the system property on
the command line.
 To set the system property the command is:
java –D jdbc.drivers=sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver IBMApp

32
JDBC API (Continued)

Connect to a Database

• Connecting to a Database Using DriverManager.getConnection()

method:
• Connection getConnection (String <url>)
• Connection getConnection (String <url>, String <username>,
String <password>)
 Connects to given JDBC URL.
 throws java.sql.SQLException
 Returns a connection object.

Example:
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:MyDSN”,”scott”,”tiger”);

33
JDBC API (Continued)

Connect to a Database (Example)

String url = "jdbc:odbc:Northwind";
try {
Class.forName ("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException e)
{ e.printStackTrace(); }
catch (SQLException e)
{ e.printStackTrace(); }

34 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

Create and Execute SQL Statements

• The Connection object provides the createStatement() method to
create a Statement object.

Statement createStatement()
 returns a new Statement object

PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql)

 returns a new PreparedStatement object

CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql)

 returns a new CallableStatement object

35 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

Statement Interface

• A Statement object is used for executing a static SQL statement

and obtaining the results produced by it.

36 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

Statement Interface Methods

ResultSet executeQuery(String)
 Execute a SQL statement that returns a single ResultSet.
int executeUpdate(String)
 Execute a SQL INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement.
Returns the number of rows changed.
boolean execute(String)
 Execute a SQL statement that may return multiple results.

37 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

ResultSet Interface
• A ResultSet provides access to a table of data generated by
executing a Statement.
• Only one ResultSet per Statement can be open at once.
• The table rows are retrieved in sequence.
• A ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to its current row of
data.
• The 'next' method moves the cursor to the next row.
 you can’t rewind

38 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

ResultSet Methods

• boolean next()
activates the next row
the first call to next() activates the first row
returns false if there are no more rows
• void close()
disposes of the ResultSet
allows you to re-use the Statement that created it

39 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

ResultSet Methods (Continued)

• Type getType(int columnIndex)

returns the given field as the given type
fields indexed starting at 1 (not 0)
• Type getType(String columnName)
same, but uses name of field
less efficient
• int findColumn(String columnName)
looks up column index given column name

40 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

ResultSet Methods (Continued)

• String getString(int columnIndex) • float getFloat(int columnIndex)

• boolean getBoolean(int columnIndex) • double getDouble(int columnIndex)
• byte getByte(int columnIndex) • Date getDate(int columnIndex)
Explore ResultSet Methods
• short getShort(int columnIndex) • Time getTime(int columnIndex)
• int getInt(int columnIndex) • Timestamp getTimestamp(int
• long getLong(int columnIndex) columnIndex)

41 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

ResultSet Methods (Continued)

Method Name Description

1. boolean first() 1. Shifts the control of a result set
cursor to the first row of the result
set.
2. boolean isFirst()
2. checks whether result set cursor
points to the first row or not.

3. boolean beforeFirst() 3. moves the cursor before the first

row.
4. boolean isbeforeFirst() 4. Checks whether result set cursor
moves before the first row.

42 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

ResultSet Methods (Continued)

Method Name Description

5. boolean last() 5. Shifts the control to the last row of
result set cursor.
6. boolean isLast()
6. checks whether result set cursor
points to the last row or not.

7. boolean afterLast() 7. moves the cursor after the last

row.
8. boolean isAfterLast() 8. Checks whether result set cursor
moves after the last row.

43 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

ResultSet Methods (Continued)

Method Name Description

9. boolean next() 9. Shifts the control to the next row
of result set.
10. boolean previous()
10. Shifts the control to the previous
row of the result set.

11. boolean absolute(int rowno) 11. Shifts the cursor to the row
number that you specify as an
argument.
12. boolean relative(int rowno)
12. Shifts the cursor relative to the
row number that you specify as an
argument.

44 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

ResultSet Methods (Continued)

Method Name Description

13. void insertRow() 13. Inserts a row in the current result
set.

14. void deleteRow() 14. Deletes a row in the current result

set.

15. void updateRow()

15. Updates a row of the current
resultset.

45 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

ResultSet Methods (Continued)

Method Name Description

16. void updateString(col name, String s) 16. Updates the specified column
name with the given string value.
17. void updateInt(col name, int x)
17. Updates the specified column
name with the given int value.

18. void updateFloat() 18. Updates the specified column

name with the given float value.
19. void cancelRowUpdates() 19. Cancels all of the updates in a row.

46 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

ResultSet Fields

Field Name Description

1. TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY 1. The ResultSet object can moves
forward only from first to last row.
2. TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE
2. Indicates ResultSet is scrollable
and it reflects changes in the data
made by other user.

3. TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE 3. Indicates ResultSet is scrollable

and does not reflect changes in the
data made by other user.

47 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

ResultSet Fields

Field Name Description

4. CONCUR_READ_ONLY 4. Does not allow to update the
ResultSet object.

5. CONCUR_UPDATABLE 5. Allows to update the ResultSet

object .

48 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

SQL Syntax
INSERT INTO table ( field1, field2 ) VALUES ( value1, value2
)
 inserts a new record into the named table
UPDATE table SET ( field1 = value1, field2 = value2 )
WHERE condition
 changes an existing record or records
DELETE FROM table WHERE condition
 removes all records that match condition
SELECT field1, field2 FROM table WHERE condition
 retrieves all records that match condition

49 IBM
JDBC API (Continued)

Database Operations

Querying a table

Inserting rows

Updating rows

Deleting rows

50
JDBC API (Continued)

Database Operations

Querying a table

The code snippet to retrieve data from

the employees table is:
String semp = "SELECT * FROM employees";
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(semp);

51
JDBC API (Continued)

Database Operations

Inserting rows

The code snippet to insert rows in employees table is:

String semp = “INSERT INTO employees(eid, ename,

basic) VALUES(1,’A.Sinha’,28000)”;
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
int noOfInsert = stmt.executeUpdate(semp);

52
JDBC API (Continued)

Database Operations

Updating rows

The code snippet to insert rows in employees table is:

String semp = “UPDATE employees SET

basic=basic+2000 where eid=1”;
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
int noOfUpdate = stmt.executeUpdate(semp);

53
JDBC API (Continued)

Database Operations

Deleting rows

The code snippet to delete rows in employees table is:

String semp = “DELETE FROM employees WHERE

eid=1”;
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
int noOfDelete = stmt.executeUpdate(semp);

54
JDBC API (Continued)

DDL Operations

Creating Table

Altering Table

Dropping Table

55
JDBC API (Continued)

DDL Operations

Creating Table

The code snippet to create a department table is:

Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

stmt.execute(“create table department(eid number(5),
deptno char(10), deptname varchar2(20)” );

56
JDBC API (Continued)

DDL Operations

Altering Table

The code snippet to add a column in department

table is:

Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

stmt.execute(“ALTER TABLE department add depthead
varchar2(15)”);

57
JDBC API (Continued)

DDL Operations

Dropping Table

The code snippet to create a department table is:

Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

stmt.execute(“DROP TABLE department” );

58
JDBC API (Continued)

PreparedStatement Interface

• The PreparedStatement Interface object:

 pass runtime parameters to the SQL statements.
 Is compiled and prepared only once by the
JDBC.
 prepareStatement() method is used to submit
parameterized query using a connection object to
the database.

59
 JDBC API (Continued)

PreparedStatement Interface (Continued)

Code snippet for preparedStatement:

The value The code snippet to pass the employee id during It acts as a
of each ‘?’ runtime using prepareStatement() method: placeholder
is set by
calling
String s=“select * from employee where eid=? “
appropriate
setXXX() PreparedStatement pst = con.prepareStatement(s);
method, In pst.setInt(1,100 );
this case
setInt()
ResultSet rs=pst.executeQuery();

60
JDBC API (Continued)

Mapping Java Types to SQL Types

SQL type Java Type
CHAR, VARCHAR, LONGVARCHAR String
NUMERIC, DECIMAL java.math.BigDecimal
BIT boolean
TINYINT byte
SMALLINTshort
INTEGER int
BIGINT long
REAL float
FLOAT, DOUBLE double
BINARY, VARBINARY, LONGVARBINARY byte[]
DATE java.sql.Date
TIME java.sql.Time
TIMESTAMP java.sql.Timestamp

61 IBM
Transactions

Transactions Overview

• Transaction = more than one statement which must all

succeed (or all fail) together
• If one fails, the system must reverse all previous actions
• Also can’t leave DB in inconsistent state halfway through a
transaction
• COMMIT = complete transaction
• ROLLBACK = abort

62 IBM
Transactions (Continued)

Transaction Management
• Transactions are not explicitly opened and closed
• if AutoCommit is true, then every statement is automatically
committed
• default case: true
• if AutoCommit is false, then every statement is added to an
ongoing transaction
• Must explicitly rollback or commit.

63 IBM
JDBC Class Diagram

64 IBM
 Learning & Knowledge Education - India

Batch Processing in JDBC

• Instead of executing a single query, we can execute a batch

(group) of queries. It makes the performance fast.
• The java.sql.Statement and java.sql.PreparedStatement
interfaces provide methods for batch processing.
Advantage of Batch Processing
• Fast Performance

65 IBM © 2007 IBM Corporation

 Learning & Knowledge Education - India

• void addBatch(String query)It adds query into batch.

• int[] executeBatch()It executes the batch of queries.
import java.sql.*;
class FetchRecords{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe
","system","oracle");
con.setAutoCommit(false);
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
stmt.addBatch("insert into user420 values(190,‘palak',40000)");
stmt.addBatch("insert into user420 values(191,‘prakriti',50000)");
stmt.executeBatch();//executing the batch

con.commit();
con.close();
66
}} IBM © 2007 IBM Corporation
 Summary

• JDBC Architecture consists of two layers:

 JDBC application layer: Signifies a Java application that uses
the JDBC API to interact with the JDBC driver manager.
 JDBC driver layer: Contains a driver, such as an SQL Server
driver, which enables a Java application to connect to a
database. This layer acts as an interface between a Java
application and a database.

• The JDBC driver manager manages various JDBC drivers.

• The JDBC driver is software that a Java application uses to access a

database.

67
 Summary (Continued)

• JDBC supports four types of drivers:

 JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver
 Native-API Partly-Java driver
 JDBC-Net Pure-Java driver
 Native Protocol Pure-Java driver
• The JDBC API consists of various classes and interfaces that enable
Java applications to interact with databases.
• The classes and interfaces of the JDBC API are defined in the
java.sql and javax.sql packages.
• You can load a driver and register it with the driver manager either
programmatically or manually.

68
 Summary (Continued)

• Two ways to load and register a driver programmatically are:

 Using the Class.forName() method
 Using the registerDriver() method
• You can add the driver name to the jdbc.drivers system property to
load and register a JDBC driver manually.
• A Connection object establishes a connection between a Java
application and a database.
• A Statement object sends requests to and retrieves results from a
database.
• You can insert, update, and delete data from a table using the DML
statements in Java applications.

69
 Summary (Continued)

• You can create, alter, and drop tables from a database using the
DDL statements in Java applications.
• A ResultSet object stores the result retrieved from a database when
a SELECT statement is executed.
• You can create various types of ResultSet objects such as read only,
updatable, and forward only.

70
Test Your Understanding

1. A JDBC __________ is a software that a Java application uses to access

a database.
a. Driver
b. DSN
c. CLI
d. DriverManager

2. _ _ _ _ _ interface enables you to establish a connection between a Java

application and the database.
a. ResultSet
b. Connection
c. Statement
d. SQL

71 IBM
Test Your Understanding (Contd.)

3. _ _ _ _ _ manages various JDBC drivers?

a. ManagerDriver
b. Driver
c. DriverManager
d. ODBC Driver

4. _ _ _ _ _ _sends requests to and retrieves result from a database.

a. ResultSet
b. Statement
c. Connection
d. next()

72 IBM