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SAMPLING
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 INTRODUCTION
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In any research investigation it is impossible for

researcher to assess every single element of a
population, so a small group of people is selected for
the assessment.
Basic concept of sampling

Target Population

• All the members who meet the particular criteria

specified for a research investigation

Ex: A population of diabetes mellitus: means all the

people having clinical diagnosis of the disease

Accessible/Study population: is the subset and

representative of target population that can be studied
CONCEPT OF SAMPLING

Target population

Accessible population

Sample

5
Characteristics of good sample
• A good sample is representative of
population under study

• Selected sample from the

population should have similar
characteristics

• Sampling should be free from error

due to bias.
Eligibility Criteria

to define who is included in the population

• Inclusion criteria

• Exclusion criteria

• Eg: A study to assess the effectiveness of nursing

interventions on maternal and fetal outcome among low
BMI antenatal women attending antenatal OPD at selected
hospitals, Bangalore.
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion criteria:
• Pregnant mother with • Sampling Technique: : Simple
• BMI 19 or below random sampling
• with singleton pregnancy • Sample size with proper
• in first trimester justification:
• Mobile phones • 70 Antenatal women
Exclusion criteria: with BMI 19 or below
• Pregnant mother with attending antenatal
outpatient department of
• multiple pregnancy selected Urban Health
• preexisting conditions – GDM, Pre- Centre, Bangalore .
eclampsia, Living with HIV
• no intention to deliver in the study
setting
• Groundnuts and soya allergy
STEPS IN SAMPLING DESIGN
• Selecting the population of the study

• Sampling Unit: It may be individual elements in the population

(persons/groups/clusters of these individual items)

• Sampling Frame: list of all the sampling units in the accessible

population

• Sample size: The number of sampling units included in the

study.
SAMPLING METHODS / TECHNIQUES
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
 SAMPLING METHODS / TECHNIQUES

PROBABILITY SAMPLING: use of random selection process to

selecting a sample from the population

• Every element in the population has a chance of being selected

in the sample

• Types:
Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling.
Non Probability sampling:

• Refrers to choosing sample from the

population by non random methods

Types:

• Purposive/Judgment sampling

• Convenience/Accidental sampling

• Snow ball sampling

• Quota sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• It is the most basic probability sampling design

Steps :

• Identify the accessible population

• List all the elements of the population (sampling frame)

• Assigning a number to each unit in the sampling frame

• A table of random number/lottery system is used select the

sample.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
1 18 23 9 20 11 28 32 15 8
46 2 14 3 24 4 43 36 33 12
10 42 49 45 39 27 29 34 21 25
22 47 38 26 19 5 13 6 37 31 Random Table Numbers
17 41 20 48 40 44 30 35 16 7

Lottery (fish bowl) method

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

• Population is first divided into two/more homogenous

subgroups(strata), from which an appropriate number of

elements are selected by random method

• Stratified sampling is used to ensure representativeness of

different groups (ethnicity, gender, age, education level etc.)

within the population.

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
All Students

Part-time Full-time

Sample
TYPES

1. Proportional stratified sampling

2. Non Proportional stratified sampling

PROPORTIONAL STRATIFIED SAMPLING: It involves

obtaining a sample from each stratum that is in proportion to the
size of the stratum in the total population.
PROPORTIONAL STRATIFIED
SAMPLING
Example:
Total student population is Size of sample from each of
1000 in a deemed university these groups
(sample size is 100)
400 - Nursing students 40 % nursing students (40)

300 - Dental students 30% dental students (30)

200 - Pharmacy students 20 % pharmacy students (20)

100 - Medical students 10 % medical students (10)

NON PROPORTIONAL STRATIFIED SAMPLING

The selection of members of strata where the number of

members chosen from each stratum is not in proportion to the
size of the stratum in the total population
Total student population is sample size is 100
1000 in a deemed university
400 nursing students 50 % nursing students (50)
300 dental students 20% dental students (20)
200 pharmacy students 20 % pharmacy students 20)
100 medical students 10 % medical students (5)
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

• It involves selecting every nth element of the population

(such as every 5th /8th /21st element)

• Obtain a list of the population(N)- (sampling frame)

• The sampling interval width (K) is determined by N/n

Ex: K = N , K = 1000 , K=10
n 100

• The first element of the sample must be selected

randomly.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

Example
CLUSTER (MULTI STAGE) SAMPLING

• This sampling technique is used when the elements of

population are spread over a wide geographical area

• The population is divided into sub-groups (clusters) on the

basis of their geographical allocation

Ex: population spread over a country is clustered up into

cities, population spread over a city is clustered up into
towns etc.
Method :

• First divide the population into clusters

• Clusters are selected randomly using

simple/systematic random sampling techniques

• Selected clusters are visited

• Draw a random sample from selected clusters

Ex: a study to assess the knowledge on iron rich food

among pregnant women in Karnataka.
CLUSTER (MULTI STAGE) SAMPLING
CLUSTER (MULTI STAGE) SAMPLING
 NON-RANDOMIZED
(NON PROBABILITY)
SAMPLING
 NON-RANDOMIZED (NON
PROBABILITY) SAMPLING METHOD

• Every unit of population does not get an equal chance

of participation in the investigation

• No random selection is made

• The selection of the sample is made on the basis of

subjective judgment of the investigator.
 Types

• Purposive sampling

• Convenient sampling

• Quota sampling

• Snowball sampling.
 PURPOSIVE (JUDGMENT)
SAMPLING

• In purposive sampling the sample is approached

having a prior purpose in mind.

• The criteria of the elements who are to include in the

study is predefined.

Example: a study to investigate the domestic violence

among postnatal mothers in selected areas, Bangalore.
PURPOSIVE (JUDGMENT)
SAMPLING
 CONVENIENCE (ACCIDENTAL)
SAMPLING

• The researcher includes those participants who are

easy/ convenient to approach for the study

Example: A researcher studying the effect of patient

education on cardiac rehabilitation, uses all patients
transferred from CCU to the wards in hospital as a
sample
CONVENIENCE (ACCIDENTAL)
SAMPLING
 SNOW BALL SAMPLING
(chain sampling)

• The investigator will approach one element of the

population at a time and then ask the selected subject
to refer to the other elements of the population

• Snowball sampling is quite suitable to use when

members of a population are hidden & difficult to
locate

Ex: sample of the homeless people/ illegal drugs users

SNOW BALL SAMPLING
(chain sampling)
 QUOTA SAMPLING

• This type of sampling method is used when population

is heterogeneous

• Common criterions used for quota are gender, age,

ethnicity, socioeconomic etc.

• The participants are selected non-randomly from each

sub group (quota)
QUOTA SAMPLING
 Types of quota sampling
• Proportionate quota sampling
Example: if quota is made on the basis of age and the population
comprises of 30% young, 40% middle age, and 30% old
individuals. In this way the sample of 100 participants will
contain 30 young, 40 middle age and 30 old individuals

• Non-proportionate quota sampling

Example: the researcher wants to include all the ethnic minority
groups present in the country. So a quota is set like this: at least
SAMPLING METHODS / TECHNIQUES
Any
questions ?
THANK YOU
 REFERENCES:

• Denise FP, Cheryl TB, Nursing research, wolter’s

kluwar/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 9 th edition; 2011:
273 -553.

• Rose MN. Foundations of nursing research Appeton and

lange. Stanford, Connecticut; 3rd ed: 1998. pg 169- 240

• Dr. Lalitha K, Dr. Nagarajaiah, Dr. Ramachandra, Research

methodology in nursing. National Institute Of Mental
Health And Neurosciences, 2009. Bangalore; Pg 48-59.
• Irfan AK, Atiya K. Fundamentals of biostatistics. Ukaaz
publications; 1st ed; 1994. Pg 7 – 22

• Bharat P, Shivani S. A textbook of introduction to

Research. S.Vikas and company publication India. 1 st
edition; 2011. Pg no. 54 -126.

• BT Basavanthappa. Nursing Research. Jaypee Brothers

Medical Publishers. 2nd ed; 2006. Pg 127-146; 153 – 214.