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: Transducer and its characteristics
its types and choices of transducer

 MEMBERS NAME:
1. Greshi Ramteke CS06
2. Janhavi Akhand CS07
3. Jinal Dhrangdharia CS08
4. Juhi Chandankhede CS09
5. Kajal Khandekar CS10

 GUIDED BY::
Mr. Damodar Tampula Sir
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 What is
 Transducer
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A measuring device which measures and converts nonelectrical variable into electrical variable is
known as transducer. Transducers are often employed at the boundries of automation, measurement,
and control systems, where electrical signals are converted to and from other physical quantities
(energy, force, torque, light, motion , position etc).The process of converting one form of energy to
another is known as transduction.

 Classification of transducers
Transducers are classified into several types. However, these can be
categorized into five types. They are,

1. Classification on the basis of transduction principle used.

2. Active and Passive transducers
3. Analog and Digital transducers
4. Primary and Secondary transducers
5. Transducers and inverse transducers.

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 1. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF TRANSDUCTION PRINCIPLE USED:

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This classification is done depending on the transduction principle i.e, how the input variable is being
converted into capacitance, resistance and inductance values. (These are named as capacitive transducer,
resistive, transducer and inductive transducer respectively.)

 Examples of Capacitive Transducer  Applications

1. Dielectric guage 1. It is used to measure, thickness and liquid

level.
2. Capacitor Microphone 2. It is used to measure, Noise Speech and music

 Examples of Resistive Transducer  Applications

1. Resistance thermometer 1. Used in the measurement or, Temperature and Radiant

heat.
2. Potentiometer device. 2. Used in displacement measurement and used in
pressure measurement.
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  Examples of Inductive Transducer  Application
Click to edit Master title style1. It is used to measure, Pressure , Vibrations, Position and
1. Reluctance pick up.
Displacement.

2. Magnetostriction guage. 2. It is used to meausure, Sound, force, pressure .

2. Active and Passive Transducers

ACTIVE TRANSDUCER
The transducer which does not requires any external excitation to provide their outputs are referred as active
transducers.

 Examples of Active Transducers  Application

1. Used in light meters

1. Photo voltaic cell
2. Used in solar cells

2. Thermocouple. 2. Used in measure, Temperature, Radiation and

Heat flow 4 4
 PASSIVE TRANSDUCER

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The transducer which requires an external excitation to provide their output is referred as passive transducer.
Examples of Passive Transducer Application

1. Capacitive transducers 1. Used to measure liquid level, noise, thickness etc.

2. Resistive transducers 2. Used to measure temperature, pressure, displacement etc.

3. Inductive transducers 3. Used to measure pressure, vibration, position, displacement
etc.

3. Analog and Digital Transducers

ANALOG TRANSDUCER
The transducer which produces their outputs in analog form or a form which is a countious function of time is referred as analog
transducer.

Examples of Analog Transducer Applications

1. Strain guage 1. Used to measure, Displacement, Force and Torque

2. Thermistor 2. Used to measure, Temperature and flow

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 DIGITAL TRANSDUCERS

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The transducer which produces their outputs in digital form or a form of pulses is referred as digital transducers.
Examples of Digital Transducers Application

1. Turbine meter Used in flow measurement

4. Primary and Secondary Trasnsducers

Primary transducers’ Secondary Transducers

1. The transducer which sends the measurement 1. The transducer which converts the output of first
and converts them into another variables (like transducer into an electrical output called secondary
displacement, strain etc.) and whose output of transducer.
another transducer is called primary transducer.
2. Following examples are: 2. Following examples are:
1) Bourdon tube LVDT
2) Strain guage
3. Application:
3. Application: used to measure,
3) Used in pressure 1)Displacement
4) Used in measurement 2)Force
3)Pressure and position 6 6
 5. Transducers and Inverse Transducers

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Transducer Inverse Transducer
1. A measuring device which measures and converts 1. A measure device which measures and converts an electrical
nonelectrical variable into electrical variable is known as variable into nonelectrical variable is known as inverse transducer.
transducer.

2. Following examples are: 2. Following example are:

Thermocouple Piezo-electric crystal

3. Applications: 3. Applications:
Used to measure, Temperature, Radiation and Used to measure, Pressure , Vibration and acceleration
Heat flow.

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 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF THE TRANSDUCER
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 Linearity
 Sensitivity
 Accuracy
 Insensitivity to unwanted signal
 Loading effect
 Errors
 Electrical Aspects
 Operating Range
 Operating Principle
 No Hysteresis
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 Stability
 Applications:
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Transducers are used in electronic communications systems to convert signals of various physical
forms to electronic signals, and vice versa. In this example, the first transducer could be a
microphone and the second transducer could be a speaker .

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 FOLLOWING PARAMETERS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN SELECTING A TRANSDUCER
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Parameters to be considered in the selection of a transducer for a particular
application are.
1)
Operating Principle
Basically the transducers are selected based on their operating principle. Examples of
operating principles used by the transducers are resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric,
inductive, up to electronic principle etc.
2)
Operating Range
This factor is considered so that the transducer should be able to function within the
specified range with good resolution. Every transducer should be provided with some
rating within which there will be breakdown in its function.
3)
Accuracy
It is one of the most desired characteristic of any transducer. If the transducer doesn't
needs frequent calibration, it must have high degree of accuracy and repeatability.
Because errors may occur due to the sensitivity of the transducer to other stimulations.
4)
Sensitivity
It is also a desired characteristic of a transducer. Every transducer should be sufficiently
sensitive to provide some output that can be sufficient and detectable. 1010
5)
Stability and Reliability :
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The transducer should have high degree of stability during its function and also storage life. It should also have a
high degree of reliability.
6)
Usage and Ruggedness: The ruggedness, size and weight of a transducer should be chosen depending on the
application in which it is used.
7)
Transient Response and Frequency Response :
The transducer should have required time domain specifications such as, settling time,
rise time, peak over shoot and small dynamic error etc.
8)
Loading effects:
The transducers should undergo minimum loading effect so that if can provide accurate
measurement. The parameters of a transducer are that, which characterize the loading
effect is its input and output impedances.lt is considered in order to get minimum loading
effects (Which can be neglected). For minimum loading effect the transducer should have
low output impedance and high input impedance.
9)
Electrical Parameters
The type and length of cable required, signal to noise ratio in case the transducer is used
with amplifiers and frequency response limitations should also be considered.
10. Ability to be insensitive to unwanted signals (or the ability to be sensitive to desired
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signals).
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THANK YOU

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