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SOM - Lecture - 11 - Special Topics

Special Topics

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4 views

SOM - Lecture - 11 - Special Topics

Special Topics

Uploaded by

tvkbhanuprakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanics of Solids – I

Special Topics
Lecture - 11

Prof TVK Bhanuprakash


Dept of Marine Engineering
Andhra University
Visakhapatnam - 530003
Work and strain energy
1. When a force F is gradually applied to an elastic body that is
adequately supported (no rigid-body displacements permitted),
the force does work as the body deforms.
2. This work can be calculated from, where d is the
work-absorbing displacement of the point of application of F—
that is, the displacement component in the direction of F.
3. If the stress is below the proportional limit, then F is
proportional to d, and the work becomes

Work of a couple is similar


1. If there are several loads then the work done is

2. If the body is elastic, the work of external loads is stored in the


body as mechanical energy, called strain energy.
3. If the loads are removed, the strain energy is released as the body
returns to its original shape.
4. Using the concepts of work and strain energy, we can develop
powerful procedures for computing the displacements of elastic
bodies.
5. We begin by deriving expressions for the strain energy stored in
bars and beams under various loadings.
Strain energy of bars and beams
Axial Loading
1. Consider the bar of constant cross-sectional area A, length L, and
modulus of elasticity E.
2. If the axial load P is applied gradually, the work-absorbing
displacement of its point of application is

If p2/EA is not
constant, we
get
Torsion
Bending
Dynamic Loading
1. Static analysis implicitly assumes that the loads are applied so slowly that
dynamic effects are negligible.
2. Suddenly applied loading results in momentary displacements and
stresses that can be much higher than those predicted by static analysis.
3. In this section, we consider the effects of dynamic loading caused by a
rigid mass colliding with a stationary, elastic body.
Assumptions
Our analysis of dynamic loading is based on the following simplifying
assumptions:
1. The stresses in the body remain below the proportional limit.
2. The body and the impacting mass remain in contact during the collision
(no rebound).
3. No energy is lost during collision.
4. These assumptions lead to a highly idealized model of impact loading
that gives only rough estimates for stresses and deformations.
5. Because the loss of some energy to stress waves and heat is inevitable,
the energy available to deform the body is less than what is predicted by
the simplified theory.
6. In other words, the actual stresses and displacements are less than the
calculated values.
Mass-spring model
1. Consider the case in which a mass m is dropped onto a spring of stiffness k
and negligible mass.
2. The mass is released from rest and drops a distance h before making
contact with the spring.
3. Following the collision, the spring deforms, reaching its maximum
deflection dmax before rebounding.

4. The displacement dmax is known as the maximum dynamic deflection.


5. The work-energy principle states that

where U is the work done on the mass and DT represents the change in the
kinetic energy of the mass.
Applying this principle to the mass we conclude that the work done on the
mass between the two positions shown is zero because there is no change
in the kinetic energy (T = 0 in both positions).
Work done = 0

Impact Factor

If h = 0 n = 2
Elastic Bodies
1. The results obtained above for the mass-spring system remain valid if the
spring is replaced by an elastic body of negligible mass because in both
cases the load-displacement relationship is linear.
2. As an example, consider the system shown, where the mass m drops
through the height h before striking a stop at the end of the rod.
3. The static elongation of the rod would be
4. Assuming that we can use the impact factor which gives the maximum
dynamic elongation of the rod
1. Because the impact factor also applies to forces and stresses, the
maximum dynamic stress in the rod can be obtained from

where ss is the static stress (stress caused by gradually applied loading).


2. The above equation shows that the stress due to impact can be reduced
by using a material with a smaller modulus of elasticity, or by increasing
the area or the length of the rod.
3. This is quite different from static tension, where the stress is
independent of both E and L.
Modulus of Resilience and Modulus of
Toughness
Deflections by Castigliano’s theorem
Castigliano’s Theorem
1. Castigliano’s theorem states that if an elastic body is in equilibrium
under the external loads F1, F2, F3, . . . Then

where di is the work-absorbing displacement associated with F i and U is the


strain energy of the body (expressed in terms of the external loads).
2. Fi can be a force or a couple. If Fi is a force acting at a point A, then di is the
displacement of A in the direction of the force.
3. If Fi represents a couple applied at a point A, then d i is the rotation of the
body at A in the direction of the couple.
Proof
1. Let the body be elastic and sufficiently supported so that it can maintain
equilibrium after the loads F1; F2; F3; . . . are applied
2. The strain energy U of the body is equal to the work done by these loads
during the deformation of the body.
3. Thus, the strain energy can be expressed as a function of the applied loads:
4. Reactions do no work because there are no corresponding work-absorbing
displacements
5. Assume now that after all the loads are applied, one of the loads, say F i, is

increased by an infinitesimal amount dFi. The corresponding change in U is


1. Consider now the case where the order of the loading is reversed.
2. We apply dFi first, followed by F1; F2; F3; . . .
3. The contribution of dFi to the strain energy is now
Application of Castigliano’s Theorem
1. In general, the strain energy of a bar subjected to combined loading is
obtained by superimposing the contributions of axial loading, torsion, and
bending:

1. If no load acts at the point where the deflection is desired, a dummy load in
the direction of the desired deflection must be added at that point.
2. Then, after differentiating but before integrating, we set the dummy load
3. equal to zero (this avoids integration of terms that will eventually be set
4. equal to zero).
5. If we denote the dummy load by Q, the displacement in the direction of Q
thus is
Castigliano’s theorem can also be used to find redundant reactions in
statically indeterminate problems.
If we let Q be a redundant reaction that imposes the displacement constraint
dQ = D in the direction of Q, the equation for computing Q is
Sample Problem 1
For the steel truss, find the horizontal displacement of point A
due to the applied load W = 24 kips. Use E =29 x 106 psi and
the cross-sectional areas shown in the figure.
(Q is dummy load)
Because the answer is positive, the horizontal displacement of point A has
the same direction as Q—that is, to the right.

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