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Prof TVKB SOM Lecture 01 Introduction

SOM - Introduction

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25 views16 pages

Prof TVKB SOM Lecture 01 Introduction

SOM - Introduction

Uploaded by

tvkbhanuprakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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श्रीगणेशायनमः

जै गुरुदेव
जै हिन्द्
NAM 213
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-I
Prof. Bhanuprakash Tallapragada
Dept. of Marine Engineering
Andhra University
Visakhapatnam - 530003
The shelf is bending under the weight of those books, and it’s
resting on the brackets at the ends. In Mechanics of Materials I can
represent this shelf approximately as a beam with simple supports.
I can approximate the books as applying a uniformly distributed
force on the beam
I could make the shelf shorter, or maybe
install another bracket under the centre-
might need some more analysis to see how
much that helps

I could use a stiffer material — steel or aluminium, or a carbon reinforced


composite — might be a little overkill for a bookshelf in my apartment . . . The
thickness of the shelf has much more effect on the resistance to bending than
does its width . . . So it could help a lot to use a thicker board
Or I could put a much thicker reinforcing
strip in the front . . . That should help . . .
I wonder by how much . . .
Why Study Mechanics of Materials?

1. Account for deformation and the potential for failure when


designing systems subjected to forces.

Forces acting on designed artifacts can be significant.


All bodies deform under applied forces, and they can fail if the forces are
sufficiently large.
Mechanics of Materials addresses two prime questions:
• How much does a body deform when subjected to forces?
• When will forces applied to a body be large enough to cause the body to
fail?
Deformation and failure depend on the forces and on the body’s material,
size, and shape.
2. In most situations, try to avoid failure and keep deformations within acceptable
limits.

Usually, the structure or system must remain intact even when subjected to forces. If we know
the forces under which failure would occur, we can design to avoid failure. Further, a system
often needs to remain close to its original shape to function properly. If we can quantify
deformations, we can design the system to avoid undesirably large deformations.

This computerized welding


system functions properly only if
the deflections of its track are
very small.
While a structure may
A crack in a structure, such as this support still be intact, it could be
column, is a type of failure. This crack may viewed as having failed if
be repairable. A structure that fractures there is a permanent
completely into two parts would clearly be deformation. A bicycle
unacceptable. that has deformed this
much is unlikely to be
useful.
3. Deformation is desirable in some situations where it depends predictably on
the forces.

Some products must deform to carry out their function. They are designed to have a
desired relation between the deformation and the acting forces.
1. Such products include pole vaults that flex to temporarily store energy that later
propels the pole-vaulter.
2. mountings that accommodate motions of helicopter blades
3. support springs that allow for deflection of structural members.
4. Occasionally, failure is desirable, if it occurs at a reproducible level of load

Although such circumstances are rare, we sometimes deliberately want failure to occur
when loads reach a predetermined level. In expensive equipment, failure can be
disastrous. So, engineers design into the equipment an inexpensive extra part, which fails
at a consistent force that is safely less than the main components can tolerate. For the
transmission shaft in a drive train, such a system that protects the shaft is called a torque
fuse. Just as an old fashioned electric fuse breaks when the current is too high, the pins in
the torque fuse break when the torque is too high
1.2 How Mechanics of Materials Predicts Deformation and Failure
• A few very general scientific principles are needed to predict deformation and failure.
• With very general principles, we can consider bodies with a wide range of geometries and
materials, which are subjected to many types of loads.
• Mechanics of Materials introduces these principles and applies them to bodies and
loadings that can be analyzed with relatively simple mathematics.
1. Separate out the effects of material and geometry by viewing a body as composed of
many tiny elements.

1. To predict deformation and failure, mechanics of materials relies on a critical insight: any
body can be viewed as an assemblage of tiny, in fact infinitesimal, cubic elements.
2. This insight allows us to separate out the effect of the body’s material from its shape.
3. Since a tiny cube is a standard shape, the relations between the cube’s deformation and the
forces on it depend only on the material, for example, the particular type of ceramic, metal,
plastic, or wood.
4. These relations can be measured and described for a given material, and they are relevant
to a body of any shape and size composed of that material.
2. Relate forces and deformations at the
element level with those at the level of the
overall structure

1. Mechanics of materials defines stress and


strain to describe force and deformation at the
level of an elemental cube.
2. To determine a body’s overall deformation and
potential for failure, we combine
a) the material-specific stress–strain relations for
a cubic element,
b) equilibrium relations between forces on the
body as a whole and the forces on its elements,
and
c) geometric relations between deformations of
the whole body and of its elements.
3. Recognize that loaded bodies often deform in simple patterns, namely,
stretching, twisting, or bending.

1. Engineers deal with deformation and failure in structures having a wide variety of
shapes, materials, and loadings.
2. However, in mechanics of materials, we study deformation and failure primarily
for simple patterns of deformation: stretching, twisting, or bending.

3. For each pattern, the overall loading is described by equal and opposite forces or
moments at the two ends.
4. The overall deformation is described by a single parameter: how much the body
stretches, twists, or bends.
4. Study deflection and failure for each pattern individually, and then how they
combine. In mechanics of materials, we learn how the forces and deformations
vary from one cubic element to another for each deformation pattern.
5. With that information, we interrelate the overall load and deformation for that
pattern, and we find the load at which failure will occur.
6. As a by-product, we gain insight into how the body’s geometry (length and cross-
section) and the body’s material independently affect the overall deformation and
failure.
7. Faced with applications that appear complex, we must also learn to detect the
presence of these simple deformation patterns, alone or, often, in combination.
8. We typically analyze the deformations and stresses in each pattern and then
combine them appropriately to find the total deformation and to determine if
failure will occur.

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