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Solar Energy

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24 views28 pages

Solar Energy

Uploaded by

NANDHAKUMAR A
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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World energy resources

All natural resources can be described as either renewable or


nonrenewable

Renewable resource – a resource that can be made again by


nature or by people in a practical amount of time
Nonrenewable resource – a resource that takes too long to
replace or cannot be replaced at all
• Renewable resources Nonrenewable resources
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Scarce – hard to find

• Sometimes renewable resources become scarce when they are overused


by humans
• Fresh water replaces itself through the water cycle, but if humans use too
much fresh water before it can be renewed through the water cycle, then
it will become scarce
• Trees can also suffer from overuse and become scarce if they are not
replanted after being cut down or clear-cut
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources

Conservation – the act of keep something from being lost or wasted

• When we conserve our resources we are making sure that we only use
them for reasons of necessity
• Examples: planting new trees to replace the ones that were cut down,
using less water to allow the water cycle to recover
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources

Recycling – a process designed to recover and reuse materials instead of throwing


them away

• Recycling examples:
• How are the Sun, the wind, and the tides used
as an energy source?
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
• The best way to make our natural resources last as long as we need them is to try
and find alternate resources that are underutilized
• Solar, Wind, and Water are all examples of underutilized resources
• We can use these natural resources to create electricity and we can stop using the
fossil fuels and natural gases to conserve them
Solar Installed capacity
• Tamil Nadu had a total solar installed capacity
of 1,702.40 MW as of May 31, 2017.
• Tamil Nadu has harnessed around 1,644
million units of solar energy during 2016-17.

07/23/2024 Bannari Amman Institute of Technolo 8


gy
SOLAR IRRADIATION

• The solar irradiance (H0 in W/m2) is the power


density incident on an object due to illumination
from the sun.

• Hsun is the power density at the sun's surface (in


W/m2) as determined by Stefan-Boltzmann's
blackbody equation;
• Rsun is the radius of the sun in meters as shown in the
figure below; and
• D is the distance from the sun in meters as shown in
the figure below.
Solar Radiation at the Earth's Surface

The solar radiation at the Earth's surface varies


widely due to:
• atmospheric effects, including absorption and
scattering
• local variations in the atmosphere, such as
water vapour, clouds, and pollution;
• latitude of the location; and
• the season of the year and the time of day.
Atmospheric Effects

• Atmospheric effects have several impacts


on the solar radiation at the Earth's surface.
• a reduction in the power of the solar
radiation due to absorption, scattering and
reflection in the atmosphere;
• a change in the spectral content of the
solar radiation due to greater absorption or
scattering of some wavelengths;
• the introduction of a diffuse or indirect
component into the solar radiation; and
• local variations in the atmosphere (such as
water vapour, clouds and pollution) which
have additional effects on the incident
power, spectrum and directionality.
Absorption in the
Atmosphere
• As solar radiation passes
through the atmosphere,
gasses, dust and aerosols
absorb the incident
photons.
• Specific gasses, - ozone (O3),
carbon dioxide (CO2), and
water vapor (H2O), have
very high absorption of
photons that have energies
close to the bond energies
of these atmospheric gases.
Direct and Diffuse Radiation Due to Scattering of Incident Light

• Light is absorbed as it passes through the atmosphere and at the


same time it is subject to scattering.
• Mechanisms
A. Rayleigh scattering which is caused by molecules in the
atmosphere.
Rayleigh scattering is particularly effective for short
wavelength light (that is blue light) since it has a λ-
4
dependence.
B. Mie scattering which is caused by aerosols and dust particles
in atmosphere.
Air Mass

• The Air Mass is the path length which light takes


through the atmosphere normalized to the shortest
possible path length (that is, when the sun is directly
overhead).
• The Air Mass quantifies the reduction in the power of
light as it passes through the atmosphere and is
absorbed by air and dust.
• The Air Mass is defined as:

• where θ is the angle from the vertical (zenith angle).


When the sun is directly overhead, the Air Mass is 1.
• The air mass represents the proportion of
atmosphere that the light must pass through
before striking the Earth relative to its
overhead path length, and is equal to Y/X.
SOLAR RADIATION SPECTRUM
SOLAR ANGLES
Declination Angle
• The declination of the sun is the angle between
the equator and a line drawn from the centre of
the Earth to the centre of the sun
• The declination angle, denoted by δ, varies
seasonally due to the tilt of the Earth on its
axis of rotation and the rotation of the Earth
around the sun.

where d is the day of the year with Jan 1 as d = 1


Elevation Angle

• The elevation angle (used interchangeably with


altitude angle) is the angular height of the sun in the
sky measured from the horizontal.
• The elevation is 0° at sunrise and 90° when the sun is
directly overhead.
• It also depends on the latitude of a particular
location and the day of the year.
• The elevation angle at solar noon can be determined
according to the formula:
α = 90 – (φ−δ)
where:
• φ is the latitude of the location of interest (+ve for the
northern hemisphere and -ve for the southern
hemisphere).
• δ is the declination angle, which depends on the day of
the year.
Zenith Angle

• The zenith angle is the angle between the sun and


the vertical.
• The zenith angle is similar to the elevation angle but
it is measured from the vertical rather than from the
horizontal,
• Thus making the zenith angle = 90° - elevation.
Hour Angle
• The Hour Angle converts the local solar time
(LST) into the number of degrees which the
sun moves across the sky.
• Since the Earth rotates 15° per hour, each
hour away from solar noon corresponds to an
angular motion of the sun in the sky of 15°. In
the morning the hour angle is negative, in the
afternoon the hour angle is positive.

Twelve noon local solar time (LST) is defined as when the sun is highest in the
sky
Azimuth Angle
• The azimuth angle is the compass direction
from which the sunlight is coming

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