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Distribution LoadFlow FB

Uploaded by

Manjula googa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

LOAD FLOW STUDY

Prof. M Manjula
Department of Electrical Engineering
University College of Engineering, Osmania
University

07/24/2024 1
Welcome to the EPPEI Weekly Seminar

Distribution Automation

Dr. NDR Sarma


Power System Automation Lab

What ?

How ? D
Why ?
Typical Power System Generating Plant

Step-up
transformers

Circuit breakers

Generation System Transmission System

Transmission System Transformers in Dispersed


Bulk power Storage and
substations generation
(DSG)

Distribution System Sub-transmission


Solar or
Wind
system Sources

• substations Distribution
Three-
phase
(100KW to
1MW)
Voltage
Primary
• transformers
substation
feeders Regulator

• circuit breakers
DSG Sectionalizing
switch Capacitor
Battery or
bank
• feeders Fuel cells,
1 to 25 MW Primary

• sectionalizing switches circuits

One-phase
• capacitor banks lateral feeder

• voltage regulators Distribution


• DSGs Transformer

• customers
- HT customers Photovoltaic
- LT customers DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
Function of Distribution Automation System

Remotely monitors the distribution system,


facilitates supervisory control of devices and
provides decision support tools to improve
the system performance
• SCADA
(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)

• Application Functions
Levels of Automation

Substation Level
Automation

Feeder Level Automation

Customer Level Automation


Operational problems and Potential Applications of
DAS

• Fault location, isolation and Service Restoration


• Maintaining good voltage profile
• Load Balancing
• Load Control
• Metering
• Maintaining Maps
• Fuse-off call operations
• Energy accounting

Recent Buzz words !!


• Outage Management
• Customer Information Management
Candidate Distribution Automation Functions

Substation Feeder Automation Customer Interface


Automation Functions Automation
Functions Functions
 Data Acquisition From:  Data Acquisition From:  Automatic Meter Reading
- Circuit Breakers - Line Reclosers  Remote Reprogramming
- Load Tap Changers - Voltage Regulators of Time-of-Use (TOU)
- Capacitor Banks - Capacitor Banks Meters
- Transformers - Sectionalizers  Remote Service
 Supervisory Control of: - Line Switches Connect/Disconnect
- Circuit Breakers - Fault Indicators  Automated Customer
- Load Tap Changers  Supervisory Control of: Claims Analysis
- Capacitor banks - Line Reclosers
 Fault Location - Voltage Regulators
 Fault Isolation - Capacitor Banks
 Service Restoration - Sectionalizers
 Substation Reactive - Line Switches
Power Control  Fault Location
 Fault Isolation
 Service Restoration
 Feeder Reconfiguration
 Feeder Reactive Power
Control
 Load flow studies are performed on Power
Systems to understand the nature of the
installed network.

 Load flow is used to determine the static


performance of the system.

 It analyzes the power systems in normal


steady-state operation.
 A power-flow study usually uses simplified
notation such as a one-line diagram and
per-unit system, and focuses on various
forms of AC power (i.e.: voltages, voltage
angles, real power and reactive power).
The distribution networks because of the
some of the following special features fall
in the category of ill-condition.
• Radial or weakly meshed networks
• High R/X ratios
• Multi phase, unbalanced operation
• Unbalanced distributed load
• Distributed generation
 The conventional Newton Raphson (NR) and
fast decoupled load flow (FDLF) methods are
inefficient in solving such systems.

 Even though with some advancements in the


Newton-Raphson Methods the robustness of
the program is obtained but still the
computational time is large enough [2].
 Due to the above factors the Newton Raphson and
other transmission system algorithms are failed
with distribution network.
 So the backward forward sweeping method is
introduced to analyze the distribution network.
 This method do not need Jacobian matrix unlike
NR methods.
 However, conventional backward forward sweep
method is not useful for modern active distribution
networks.
 A radial network leaves the station and passes through the
network area with no normal connection to any other
supply.

 The Forward-Backward Sweep Method (FBSM) is easy to


program and runs quickly.

 The method is designed to solve the differential algebraic


system generated by the Maximum Principle that
characterizes the solution.
 The distribution power flow involves, first of all, finding
all the node voltages.

 From these voltages, it is possible to compute current


directly, power flows, system losses and other steady
state quantities

 Some applications, especially in the fields of optimization


of distribution system, and distribution automation (i.e.,
VAR planning, network optimization, state estimation,
etc.), need repeated fast load flow solutions.
 An electric power distribution system is the final stage in the
delivery of electric power; it carries electricity from the
transmission system to individual consumers.

 Primary distribution lines carry the medium voltage power to


distribution transformers which is located near the customer's
premises.

 Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the


utilization voltage of household appliances and typically feed
several customers through secondary distribution lines at this
voltage.
Types of Distribution System

a) Radial Distribution System

b) Ring Main Distribution System


 Generally the ring main system is more
expensive than the radial system because
more switches and conductors are required to
construct the ring main system.
 It is not preferred when the generation is at
low voltage and its construction cost also
high.
 Due to the above factors the radial system is
used in distribution system.
The following criterion is assumed for node and line numbering:

1. The nodes are numbered sequentially in ascending order

proceeding from layer to layer, in such a way that any path from

the root node to a terminal node encounters nodes numbered in

the ascending order.

2. Each branch starts from the sending bus (at the root side) and is

identified by the number of its (unique) ending bus.

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