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Pfe Assign

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Subham Das
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SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SRM COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAY


COURSE TITLE: PYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL
EVALUATION
COUSE CODE: MPT19105
ASSIGNMENT TOPIC 1: BRAIN LATERALIZATION
PROGRAM: MASTERS OF
PHYSIOTHERAPY(NEUROLOGY)
STUDENT NAME: SIMRAN KAUSHIK
REGISTRATION NAME: RA2322203010008
DATE: 05/10/23

STUDENT NAME: STAFF NAME:


SIMRAN KAUSHIK AYYAPPAN JAYAVEL

STUDENT SIGN:
STAFF SIGN:
BRAIN LATERALIZATION

INTRODUCTION:
Brain lateralization, also known as cerebral lateralization or
hemispheric specialization, refers to the phenomenon in
which certain cognitive functions and processes are
predominantly located in one hemisphere of the brain. The
human brain is divided into two hemispheres: the left
hemisphere and the right hemisphere. Each hemisphere has
its own set of functions and is responsible for processing
certain types of information and tasks. In lateralization, the
left hemisphere and right hemispheres of the brain have very
different functions, but they communicate with each other
through their physical connections
. • An example of lateralization is language. For most people
language function is located in the left hemisphere of the
brain, particularly for righthanded people.
•The foundation for this split-brain theory often is based
on research that has been performed on patients who had
their right and left hemispheres of their brain surgically
disconnected to treat severe epilepsy.
•The split-brain theory describes the left side of the brain
as giving rational orders to the right side of the brain, and the
right hemisphere as giving emotionally based commands.
Brain lateralization occurs in certain brain functions. In brain
lateralization, certain regions of the brain perform specific
functions. Many recent studies have shown that the right and
left halves of the brain mostly are used equally, which shows
the functional and physical connections between both the
right and left hemispheres of the brain.
Regions of the brain that are in charge of functions like
memory seem to vary depending upon which hemisphere is
dominant for a particular person. While people's brain
becomes more left-brained or right-brained (lateralized) with
age, there is no difference in physical appearance
(phenotype) that is correlated to being more left- (left-
lateralized) or -right-brained (rightlateralized).

HISTORY OF COMPARITIVE RESEARCH ON


LATERALIZATION:
A. Broca’s Discovery and Its
Consequences
On Thursday, June 15, 1865, the young physician Pierre Paul
Broca (1824–1880) delivered his paper on the seat of the
faculty of spoken language to the Société d’anthropologie in
Paris. His presentation summarized his work of the last five
years in which he first analysed speech deficits of patients to
then meticulously reconstruct the damaged parts of their
brains. His paper ended with the famous statement “Nous
parlons avec “hémisphère gauche”. This marked the onset of
cerebral asymmetry research
B. Scientific Dogmata that Blocked the Path
The most important neuroscientific dispute of the first half of
the 19th century concerned the question whether the cortex
can be subdivided into functional entities or is organized as a
holistic structure in which each part serves all mental
functions. The person who strongly advocated a functional
topography of the cortex was Franz Joseph Gall (1758–
1828) . Being an excellent neuroanatomist, he knew that large
individual differences of brain shape and size exist. Thus, he
assumed that these people had especially enlarged retro- and
supraorbital cortical areas that pushed the eyeballs to the
front and down. From this hypothesis it was only a small step
to conclude that the seat of language faculties had to be
located in the frontal lobes in an area surrounding the eye
sockets.
C. 1865–1990s: Broca’s Discovery and the Belief of
Human Uniqueness
In 1861, at the hospital Bicètre of Paris, Pierre Paul Broca
analysed a patient named Leborgne who only could utter a
few words but was able to understand spoken questions.
When Leborgne died a few days later, Broca conducted the
autopsy and revealed a lesion in the third part of the inferior
frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere.
D. The Current View in Brief
 One hundred five years after Broca’s publication on
language asymmetry, Fernando Nottebohm published a
seminal paper in which he described the ontogenetic
events during song learning in
chaffinches. He outlined that these birds go through
processes that strongly resemble language learning in
human infants. Most importantly for asymmetry
research, he also described the results of unilaterally
transecting the nervus glossopharyngeal pars
tracheosyringealis that connects the brain stem motor
areas with the syrinx, the functional equivalent to the
mammalian larynx

ADVANTAGES OF LATERALIZED BRIN

 Since lateralization is widespread across animal


species, it follows that there must be situations in
which having a lateralized brain confers an advantage
and enhances survival. Logically, this should apply to
situations in which the animal has to use both
hemispheres in parallel to carry out different
functions.
 Lateralization of the brain increases cognitive
capacity, in the sense that it increases the brain’s
ability to handle more information at any given
time.
Apparently, this works only for temporarily paired
stimuli demanding simultaneous use of the separate
specialisations of the hemispheres.
 Strength of lateralization also affects other cognitive
abilities. Lateralized fish, for example, have better
numerical abilities than non-lateralized fish
 Degree of laterality is also associated with behaviour
in tasks other than those directly testing cognitive
ability. For example, in several tests, including tonic
immobility and time to emerge from a box, lateralized
chicks are found to be less fearful than non-lateralized
chicks
 In summary, all of these studies show the advantage
of being lateralized in such a way that one hemisphere
can take charge of performing a particular task while,
at the same time, the other hemisphere takes charge
of performing another task. This is evidence that
lateralization increases cognitive capacity.
Here are some general characteristics associated with
each hemisphere:
1. Lef t Hemisphere:
•Language Processing: The left hemisphere is
typically responsible for language processing in the
majority of
right-handed individuals and many left-handed individuals.
It includes areas such as Broca's area and Wernicke's area,
which are involved in speech production and
comprehension, respectively.
•Logical and Analytical Thinking: The left hemisphere
is often associated with logical reasoning, mathematical
skills, and analytical thinking.
•Sequential Processing: It tends to process information
in a sequential and organized manner.
•Fine Motor Skills: Fine motor skills, like those used
in writing, are often controlled by the left hemisphere.

2. Left-brain functions are thought to include:


•Understanding the sum of any situation, getting "the
big picture”
• Large muscle movements like walking
• Sensing where one’s body in space
• Balance
• Nonverbal communication
• Emotional functioning
• Sensing smells, sounds and taste
• Regulating avoidance behaviours
According to neuroscience research, the lef t side of
the brain or hemisphere:
• Is positively stimulated by new experiences
• Controls the immune system.
•Is responsible for involuntary bodily functions, for
example, breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

Left-brain and right-brain psychology further describe left-


brain functions as including
• the ability to pay attention to details
• fine motor movement skills,
•the ability to convert sounds to language and translate
their meaning.
• Left-brain networks also are thought to control
analytical/logical thinking, including a person's mathematics
ability and problem-solving skills.
2 Right Hemisphere:
• Spatial Abilities: The right hemisphere is important for
processing spatial information, including spatial awareness,
navigation, and recognizing patterns and shapes.
•Emotional Processing: It plays a significant role in
emotional processing, including recognizing emotions in
others and processing emotional cues.
•Creativity and Imagination: The right hemisphere is
often associated with creativity, artistic abilities, and
imagination
•Holistic Processing: It tends to process information in
a more holistic and intuitive manner.

Right brain characteristics and functions


• The right brain hemisphere is thought to allow young
children to understand concepts of more versus less, but the
understanding of specific number values involves the left
hemisphere.
•Other cognitive activities that tend to be governed by
the right hemisphere of the brain include o attention to,
and
processing of the overall visual shape of items, o
understanding verbal ambiguity, and o emotional and implied
meanings.
•In terms of brain development, neuroscience
research indicates that until about 3 years of age, the
right brain
hemisphere tends to have the primary role (is dominant) in
brain function.
CONCLUSION:
Research on brain lateralization has also shown that some
tasks and functions, such as complex problem-solving, may
involve both hemispheres working together in a coordinated
manner, highlighting the interconnected nature of the brain's
functioning.
Additionally, left-handed individuals may exhibit different
patterns of lateralization, with some showing right
hemisphere dominance for certain functions.
The study of brain lateralization has been a topic of interest in
psychology and neuroscience, and it has implications for
understanding various aspects of human cognition and
behaviour

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