CERTIFICATE COURSE IN QUANTITY

SURVEYING- FOUNDATION LEVEL

UNIT-1: INTRODUCTION –
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY & SERVICES

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 Construction Technology

 In recent years, technological innovation in design, materials and construction

methods have resulted in significant changes in construction industry.
 Computer-aids have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well
as reducing the time required to produce alternative designs.
 New materials not only have enhanced the quality of construction but also have
shortened the time for shop fabrication and field erection.
 Construction methods have gone through various stages of mechanization and
automation, including the latest development of construction robotics.
 The effects of many new technologies on construction costs have been mixed
because of the high development costs for new technologies. However, it is
unmistakable that design professionals and construction contractors who have
not adapted to changing technologies have been forced out of the mainstream of
design and construction activities.
 Ultimately, construction quality and cost can be improved with the adoption of
new technologies which are proved to be efficient from both the viewpoints of
performance and economy.

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 Construction Technology ……….
 Broadly, the major construction projects can be grouped into four groups:
 Building Construction Projects. Building works include residential and
commercial complexes, educational and recreational facilities, hospitals and
hotels, warehouse and marketing facilities; 'Buildings' constitute the largest
segment of the construction business.
 Infrastructure Construction Projects. These heavy construction, equipment-
oriented works include dams and canals, highways and airports, railways and
bridges, oil/gas pipelines and transmission lines, large water supply and
sewage disposal networks, docks and harbours, and other specialist
construction activities which build up the infrastructure for the growth of the
economy.
 Industrial Construction Projects. These works include construction of power
generation, manufacturing, processing and industrial plants like nuclear and
thermal power plants, steel mills, petroleum refineries, consumer goods
factories, industrial works, utility services, environmental works and human
needs facilities.
 Special-Purpose Projects. These include environmental works, emergencies,
remedial works, installation and commissioning of equipment, and complex
key operations.

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 Construction Technology ……….
 "Lean manufacturing" had a revolutionary effect on many industries, especially automotive
assembly companies. Characteristics of this approach include:
 Improvement in quality and reduction of waste everywhere. Rather than increasing costs,
reducing defects and waste proved to improve quality and reduce costs.
 Empowering workers to be responsible for satisfying customer needs. In construction, for
example, craftsman should make sure their work satisfied the design intent.
 Continuous improvement of processes involving the entire workforce.
 Lean construction is intended to spread these practices within the construction industry. Of
course, well managed construction projects already have many aspects of lean construction.
For example, just-in-time delivery of materials is commonplace to avoid the waste of large
inventory stockpiles.
 Green building projects attempt to re-use or recycle all construction wastes.
 The climate change and volatile energy prices have been pushing towards a green building
approach. (US Green Building Council‟s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED) from the USBC, a leading auditor of green buildings)
 A green building’s design, construction and operational practices can help to reduce or
eliminate its negative impact on the natural environment and its consumers. Green
building provides opportunity to use resources efficiently while creating healthier
environments for people to live and work in. Building green is energy efficient which
significantly reduce construction and performance costs and leave a lighter footprint on
the environment (Green Building Council of Australia, 2014).

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 Building Services
 Everything inside a building which makes it safe and comfortable to be in
comes under the title of 'Building services'. A building must do what it was
designed to do - not just provide shelter but also be an environment where
people can live, work and achieve.
 Building services are what makes a building come to life. They include:
 energy supply - gas , electricity and renewable sources
 heating and ventilating
 water , drainage and plumbing
 day lighting and artificial lighting
 escalators and lifts
 ventilation and refrigeration
 harnessing solar, wind and biomass energy
 communications, telephones and IT networks
 security and alarm systems
 fire detection and protection
 air conditioning and refrigeration
 facade engineering

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 Building Services………….

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 Building Services……….
 In every place, that we see these services...building services engineers
have designed, installed and maintain them in working order.
 Imagine the air filtration systems you'd need in a forensic laboratory.
 The heating controls in a special care baby unit?
 How to control bacteria and humidity in an operating theatre?
 What about security systems at the Airport?
 Lighting the Stadium?
 Coping with a power cut in the dealing room of a city banker?
 This is everyday work for a building services engineer.
 Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) professionals were
at the heart of preparations for the 2012 Olympics in London, where every aspect of
the environment for the indoor events had to deliver comfort for the performers and
spectators, and be energy efficient.
 At any sports event, think about what the spectators and athletes are experiencing.
People movement, communications for scoreboards, security and safety all these
systems are designed, installed and maintained by building services engineers.
 On a smaller scale, look around you at home - your central heating, plumbing and
power systems were all designed to work well . New homes with much more efficient
systems using ground-breaking technologies are being created all the time. It's
building services engineers who are creating a low carbon future for us all.
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 Building Services……….
 The main areas of practice include, but are not limited to the following:
 Air conditioning, including plant design, chiller and pump selection, ductwork
sizing, fan selection and acoustics.
 Heating and refrigeration, including plant design, pipework sizing, pump
selection, insulation and alternative energy sources.
 Mechanical ventilation including smoke exhaust systems fan selection, ductwork
design and fire rating considerations.
 Vertical transportation including, hydraulic and traction lifts, traffic analysis,
escalators, moving walkways and hoists.
 Hydraulic systems, including sewerage and drainage pipework design, and
potable and hot water reticulation.
 Electrical distribution, including reticulation electrical supply, switch board
design, circuit protection and cable selection. Standby power generation
including, co-generation, uninterruptable power supplies, generation set
selection, co-generation analysis and UPS criteria establishment.
 Lighting, including internal general and task, emergency evacuation, external
and specialist lighting.
 Lightning protection, including earthing systems.

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 Building Services……….

 Building telecommunications, including telecommunication system design,

cabling management, antennae, networks and MATV.
 Building systems, including system monitoring and management and DDC
integration.
 Security systems, including access control, monitoring, CCTV surveillance
and alarm notification.
 Timing systems, including automatic scheduling and sports timing. Energy
management, including control [PLC] systems, selection of energy tariffs and
lighting controls.
 Maintenance and facilities, including management, planned preventive
maintenance, and total asset and facility database management.
 Fire services, including manual and automatic detection, alarm and
suppression and integration of smoke control systems.
 Fire safety, including risk management, assessment of risk to life safety,
classification of risk and risk minimization.

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 Building Information Modeling
 The construction industry has experienced a gradual decrease in its labor productivity
since the early 1960s. In the meantime, the non-farm industries such as the
manufacturing industry have increased their labor productivity. The reduction of labor
productivity in the construction industry requires more labor hours per contract dollar
amount. This indicates that construction industry is lacking the development for labor
saving ideas. Figure 1 depicts the gap between the non-farm and construction industry
labor productivity.

Construction and Non-Farm Labor Productivity Index (Teicholz, 2004)

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 Building Information Modeling…………
 The main causes of the lack of labor productivity in the construction industry are
related to its fragmented nature due to traditional project delivery approach,
traditional use of 2D Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) technology and the size of
construction firms (Teicholz, 2004).
 The use of common and traditional two dimensional CAD drawings does not
promote a true collaborative approach. Architects and engineers produce their own
fragmented CAD documents to relay theirs designs to owners and contractors.
These drawings are not integrated and usually pose conflicts of information which
result in inefficiency in labor productivity.
 The estimators need to count and generate their own quantity take offs based on
the produced CAD documents. Moreover, the 2D CAD approach does not promote
the integration of the drawings with schedule and cost.
 One of the first steps towards the use of 3D technology in the construction industry
was initiated as a 3D solid modeling in late 1970s. During this time, manufacturing
industry carried out product design, analysis, and simulation of 3D products. 3D
modeling in the construction industry was hindered “by the cost of computing power
and later by the successful widespread adoption of CAD” (Eastman,2008).
 The manufacturing industry realized, spent more resources in technology and
seized the “potential benefits of integrated analysis capabilities, reduction of errors,
and the move toward factory automation”. They worked together with modeling tool
providers to reduce and eliminate the technological software setbacks.
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 Building Information Modeling…………

 The Building Information Model is primarily a three dimensional digital

representation of a building and its intrinsic characteristics. It is made of intelligent
building components which includes data attributes and parametric rules for each
object. For instance, a door of certain material and dimension is parametrically
related and hosted by a wall.
 Furthermore, BIM provides consistent and coordinated views and representations of
the digital model including reliable data for each view. This saves a lot of designer’s
time since each view is coordinated through the built-in intelligence of the model.
 According to the National BIM Standard, Building Information Model is “a digital
representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility and a shared
knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for
decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from earliest conception to
demolition” ("About the National BIM Standard-United States", 2010).
 Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the process and practice of virtual design
and construction throughout its lifecycle. It is a platform to share knowledge and
communicate between project participants.
 Building Information Modeling “BIM” is becoming a better known established
collaboration process in the construction industry. Owners are increasingly requiring
BIM services from construction managers, architects and engineering firms.

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 Building Information Modeling……

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 Building Information Modeling……

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 Building Information Modeling……

BIM Uses throughout a Building Lifecycle (Messner, 2009)

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 Building Information Modeling……
 During the design phase, the use of BIM can maximize its impact on a project since the
ability to influence cost is the highest. The team can creatively come up with ideas and
provide solutions to issues before problems become high cost impacts to the project.
This can be realized through the cooperation and coordination of the entire project staff.
Therefore, it is extremely important to have a good collaboration. The use of BIM
especially enhances the collaborative efforts of the team. The architect and engineer can
test their design ideas including energy analysis. The construction manager can provide
constructability, sequencing, value and engineering reports. They can also start 3D
coordination between subcontractors and vendors during early stages of design.
 The owner can visually notice if the design is what he is looking for. Overall, the BIM
promotes the collaboration of all of the projection participants. There are beneficial uses
of BIM during the construction phase. However, the ability to impact the cost in a project
reduces as depicted in figure 3 as the construction progresses. Several uses include
sequencing, cost estimation, fabrication and onsite BIM.
 During the post construction phase, maintenance scheduling, building system analysis,
asset management, and space management and tracking, disaster planning, and record
modeling can a record model can help to maintain the building throughout its lifecycle.
Ideally, the building automation systems (BAS) which controls and monitors the use of
mechanical and electrical equipment can be linked to the record model to provide a
successful location based maintenance program. Furthermore, building system analysis
including energy, lighting, and mechanical can be used to measure building’s
performance. Moreover, upgrades may be initiated to various equipment and
components of the building.

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 Building Information Modeling……
 BIM will mean that the entire design team is working on the same plans, so it
should remove the need to digitise drawings. And as the whole supply chain is
involved, materials manufacturers will be able to input their own costs, says
Richard Brinley, group director of membership and professional groups at the
RIBA. “You won’t need a human hand to add up the numbers,” he says.
 This isn’t anything new. The actual number-crunching work of Quantity Surveyors
has been declining over the past few decades, Brinley says, and BIM is only the
latest part of the mechanisation of the profession. “Already loads of measuring
are automated in the current generation of CAD systems,” he says. What BIM will
do is remove entirely the remaining vestiges of traditional quantity surveying.
“The old task of Quantity Surveyors measuring quantities has been going for the
past 20 years and BIM will end it,” Brinley asserts.
 As a result, Quantity Surveyors could end up with a lot more time on their hands.
“Typically, it takes one of our team on a project two days to measure something,”
says Erland Rendell, head of thought leadership at Davis Langdon. “Whereas
with BIM its point and click, or drag and drop, and it takes half an hour.” He says
that this kind of time-saving will be made on the cost planning stages
(Masterbuilders, 2012).

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 Building Information Modeling……

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 Building Information Modeling……

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 Building Information Modeling……

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 Building Information Modeling……

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 Building Information Modeling……

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 Building Information Modeling……

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 Building Information Modeling……

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 Building Information Modeling……
 BIM is a major challenge to the services conventionally provided by Quantity
Surveyors and other construction disciplines. The adoption of BIM may redefine
traditional professional boundaries in construction (not just for quantity surveying)
 Beyond 2020, potential advances in hardware and software technologies as well as
business practices, make it impossible to predict anything reliably, and so we refrain
from speculation.
 BIM (Building Information Modeling) is now liable for executing many traditional
Quantity Surveyor functions automatically with its 4D modeling capabilities.
 A Building Information Modeling (BIM) system can computerize the measurement of
quantities from construction drawings. This will facilitate contractors to have design
documents which include exact quantities and specified materials in electronic
format.
 With the utilization of a correctly configured Building Information Model, an exact bill
of quantities (BOQ) can be generated automatically. The BOQ is then applied to
create reports in the essential format. This is performed with any phase of the
Quantity Surveyor dispatch ranging from estimating, tendering and construction
control.
 By utilizing BIM the contractors will be able to keep a visual record of what has
been measured where. This will help contractors to detect clashes and co-
ordination errors

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 Building Information Modeling……
 Building information modelling is a co- ordinated set of processes, supported by
technology that seeks to add value by creating, managing and sharing the
properties of a built asset throughout its life cycle. BIM incorporates data –
physical, commercial, environmental and operational – on every element of a
development’s design.
 The purported benefits of BIM are:
 • better outcomes through collaboration. All project team members – different
design disciplines, the cost manager, project manager, employer, contractor,
specialists and suppliers – use a single, shared 3D model, cultivating
collaborative working relationships. This is to ensure that all involved are focused
on achieving best value, from project inception to eventual decommissioning.
 • enhanced performance. BIM makes possible swift and accurate comparison of
different design options, enabling development of more efficient, cost- effective
and sustainable solutions.
 • optimised solutions. Through deployment of new generative modelling
technologies, solutions can be cost- effectively optimised against agreed
parameters.

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 Building Information Modeling……
 • greater predictability. Capital building works projects can be visualised at an
early stage, giving owners, users and operators a clear idea of design intent and
allowing them to modify the design to achieve the outcomes they want. It is also
advocated that, in advance of construction, BIM will also enable the project team
to ‘build’ the project in a virtual environment, rehearsing complex procedures,
optimising temporary works designs and planning procurement of materials,
equipment and manpower.
 • faster project delivery. Significant time savings are achievable by agreeing the
design concept early in building project development to eliminate late- stage
design changes; using standard design elements when practicable; resolving
complex construction details before the project goes on site; avoiding clashes;
taking advantage of intelligence and automation within the model to check
design integrity and estimate quantities; producing fabrication and construction
drawings from the model; and using data to control construction equipment.
 • reduced safety risk. Crowd behaviour and fire- modelling capability enable
designs to be optimised for public safety. Asset and facilities managers can use
the 3D model to enhance operational safety. Contractors can minimise
construction risks by reviewing complex details or procedures before going on
site.

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 Building Information Modeling……
 • fits first time. Integrating multidisciplinary design inputs using a single 3D model
allows interface issues to be identified and resolved in advance of construction,
eliminating the cost and time impacts of redesign. It is also contended that BIM
enables new and existing assets to be integrated seamlessly.
 • reduced waste. Exact quantity take- offs mean that materials are not over-
ordered. Precise programme scheduling enables just- in- time delivery of
materials and equipment, reducing potential for damage. Use of BIM for
automated fabrication of equipment and components enables more efficient
materials handling and waste recovery.
 • whole life asset management. BIM models contain product information that
assists with commissioning, operation and maintenance activities – for example
sequences for start- up and shut- down, interactive 3D diagrams showing how to
take apart and reassemble equipment items, and specifications allowing
replacement parts to be ordered.
 • continual improvement. Project team members can feed back information about
the performance of processes and items of equipment, driving improvements on
subsequent projects.

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 Building Information Modeling……

 Dubai Municipality has mandated the use of BIM for architectural and MEP
works. :
According to this important document (number 196 – dated Nov 18, 2013),
Dubai’s Municipality formally informs all design and construction companies
operating in Dubai that it has decided to mandate/dictate BIM for architectural
and MEP works for
(a) all buildings 40 stories or higher;
(b) facilities/buildings that are 300,000 sqft or larger;
(c) all hospitals, universities and other similarly specialized buildings; and
(d) all buildings that are being delivered by/through an international party.
 The announcement also states that this decision to mandate BIM is based on
the (proven) ability of BIM tools and workflows in improving construction
quality, enabling collaboration between project participants across project
phases, lowering costs, reducing time, unifying specifications/standards,
facilitating QTO and cost planning.
 It also stated that this decision is preliminary – stage 1 to come into force on
January 1, 2014. Finally, the document states that consultants – architects,
engineers and similar,( no mention of contractors) – are legally responsible to
fulfil this dictate.

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 Building Information Modeling……
 Dubai’s BIM mandate comes in the wake of increasing global adoption of BIM.
 The EU made BIM a mandate in January 2014.
 In Singapore, BIM is mandatory for all public housing projects.
 In U.K. government contracts will mandate BIM from 2016
 It has had widespread adoption in Scandinavia and the USA for many years.
 According to the 2012 McGraw Hill North America BIM Smart Market Report, the
percentage of companies using BIM jumped from 17 per cent in 2007 to 49 per cent
in 2009 and to 71 per cent in North America 2012 with 74 per cent of contractors
now using BIM compared to 70 per cent of architects.
 Once International Construction companies adopt BIM in one country they will soon
rollout to other countries and that factor will also force an increase adoption here by
all contractors, architects etc.
 However BIM has also been successful in recent regional projects of various scale
and size such as::
- the King Abdullah Sports City complex in Jeddah,
- Masdar’s headquarters at Masdar City,
- Al-Mafraq hospital in Abu Dhabi,
- the Midfield Terminal Building – Abu Dhabi International Airport (MTB-ADIA),
- the museum projects at Sadiyaat island

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