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ME2 Week 3 First Order Diff Eqnsworked

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22 views37 pages

ME2 Week 3 First Order Diff Eqnsworked

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hgncyc76zv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Mathematics for Engineers 2

MOD002306
Week 3
First order differential equations
Outcomes
1. Revision of standard integrals
2. Solve first order differential equations using the
following methods:
a) Integration
b) Variables separable
c) Homogeneous equations ( using a substitution)
d) Integrating factor method
1.Integration as the reverse of differentiation

• dy/dx represents the ................. of a curve

• Integration reverses this and gets us back to the


original curve

 dx
2
x
Table of standard integrals

Function Integral

y= xn

y = ex

y = eax

y = cosx

y = cosax

y = sinx

y= sinax

y = 1/x
Review of integration
Recall rule for integrating xn
Integrate the following

4x3

5x6 - 7x + 3

2e4x – e-x

Cos2x - 3sin4x
2.Engineering applications of differential equations
Differential equations are used to model dynamic
systems (systems that change with time)
Examples
Electronic circuits with time-dependent voltages and
currents, flow rates, radio wave propagation, motion
of objects.
dx
If x represents distance then is velocity
dt
d 2x Is acceleration
And
dt 2
Differential equations in engineering
Examples of First order differential equations

1)The bending moment ,M, of a beam of length l is


given by dM
 w( x  l )
dx
Solve to find M in terms of x, where x is the
distance along the beam

2) The streamlines of a fluid flow are given by


dy y  1

dx x  1
Examples of second order differential equations
3) The temperature, T, of a fin of perimeter
2
P
d T hP
with cross sectional area A is given by dx 2  kA T  0
Where h is the convection heat transfer coefficient,
k is the thermal conductivity and x is the distance
along the fin

4) By applying Kirchoff’s voltage law to a series RLC


circut we obtain the differential equation
d 2i di  3t
 3  2i  5e
dt 2 dt

Solve to find current, ,i in terms of time t


Solving first order differential equations
Type 1 dy  f(x) solution by integration
dx
Example 1
Find the general solution of the differential equation
dy
 5x 2  3cosx
dx
Example 2
Find the general solution of the differential
equation x dy  3  2x 2
dx
Example 3
Find the particular solution of dy
3 x6
dx
Given the boundary conditions y(3) = 5.5
Summary
dy
• Differential equation must be in form  f(x)
dx

•General solution contains constant c and gives a


family of solutions

• Substitute boundary conditions into general solution


to find a particular solution

Work in pairs to find solutions to 2 questions set


dy
Type 2 Variables separable f(y)  g(x)
dx

Example 1
The streamlines of a fluid flow are given by the first
order differential equation dy x

dx y

Solve the differential equation


Example 2 dy
Find the general solution for  4x 3 y
dx
Example 3
A tank full of water is being drained through an outlet. The
height H (m) of water in the tank at time t (secs) is given
by dH
 0.0028 H
dt
Given the initial height of the water is 4m, find an
expression for the height H in terms of time t
SUMMARY – variables separable

Recognise Type 2 f(y) = g(x)

Re-arrange to

Then integrate left hand side with respect to y


and right hand side with respect to x

Now attempt activity sheet –


dy
Type 3 Homogeneous type P Q
dx
where P and Q are functions of both x and y of
the same degree throughout
Examples
If P = x + y and Q = 2x -3y P and Q have degree 1
If P = xy + y2 and Q = x2 - 3xy P and Q have degree 2
If P = x + y2 not homogeneous etc

If the differential equation is homogeneous then it can


be transformed into Type 2 (variables separable) by a
substitution y = vx
If we substitute y = vx
(where v is a function of x) and using the product rule

dy dv
vx
dx dx

Example
Use the substitution y = vx, where v is a function of x,
to solve the differential equation
dy
xy  x2  y2
dx
SUMMARY dy
Type 1 dy  f(x) Type 2 f(y)  g(x)
dx dx

dy
Type 3 P(x, y)  Q(x, y)
dx

Classify the following differential equations as


Type 1, Type 2 or Type 3
dy dy
1. (x  2)  (1  y) 3. 2  x4
dx dx

2. dy y dy
(x  y)  (y  x) 4. (3y  2)  (2x 2  1)
dx x dx
Exact type of first order differential equation
dy
 P( x ) y  Q( x )
dx
Can be solved by integrating both sides of the equation

Example1
dy
x  y  3x 2
dx
How to recognise an exact equation
An equation whose coefficient of y is the derivative of the
coefficient of dy is exact
dx
Example 2
Solve the following exact equation
dy
x3
 3x 2 y  e2 x
dx
Type 4.The Integrating factor
All first order linear differential equations can be
written in the exact form dy
 P( x ) y  Q( x )
dx

Example 1
dy 3 e2x is not exact but multiplying through by x3
 y 3
dx x x

gives dy
x3
 3x 2 y  e2x
dx

Which is exact and can be solved as before

The Integrating factor here is x3


Integrating factor (proof for information only)
It’s not always easy to identify the integrating factor from
looking at the differential equation

Call the integrating factor I and multiply throughout


so dy
 P( x ) y  Q( x )
dx
becomes
dy
I  IP( x ) y  IQ( x )
dx

So the left hand side is just the differential of Iy


dI
So IP( x ) 
dx
Proof continued dI
IP( x ) 
dx
Separating variables gives
1
 P( x )dx   I dI
 P( x )dx  LnI
e  P ( x ) dx
I
Integrating factor

Ie  P(x)dx

dy
Multiply differential equation  P( x ) y  Q( x )
dx

by the integrating factor – it becomes exact then


can be solved
dy
 P( x ) y  Q( x ) Ie  P(x)dx
dx
SUMMARY

• Find the integrating factor for the following


differential equations

dy
1.  2y  2x  7
dx

2.
dy 1 ex
 y
dx x x

3. dy
 2xy  x
dx
5.Example 1
Use an integrating factor to solve the differential equation
dy
 5y  e2x
dx
dy
Compare with  P( x ) y  Q( x )
dx

P(x) =

Ie  P(x)dx
dy
 P( x ) y  Q( x )
dx
Example 2
Use an integrating factor to solve
dy 2
x y
dx x2
SUMMARY
Integrating factor method
• Differential equation needs to be in form
dy
 P( x ) y  Q( x )
dx

• Integrating factor is I  e  P(x)dx

• Multiply both sides of equation by integrating factor

• Differential equation is now exact and can be solved

• Now attempt differentiated Activity sheet


SUMMARY of OUTCOMES
1.Revision of integration and its applications in
engineering
2Introduction to differential equations, their order
and applications in engineering
3.Finding the general solution of first order
differential equations
4.Use boundary conditions to find a particular
solution of first order differential equations
a) by integration b) by separating variables
c.Solving homogeneous first order differential
equations d) use of integrating factor
Research for next week

• Find one application of a first order differential


equation in your area of work
• Research complementary functions
• Complete all unsolved questions
• Also revise solution of quadratic equations
• differentiation using the product rule

Looking forward to next week we will


Solve second order linear type of differential
equation

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