Teknik Pengukuran

Rusnaldy, PhD

Departemen Teknik Mesin

Universitas Diponegoro
2023
Flow Measurement

Flow measurement is concerned with quantifying the rate

of flow of materials.

Solid state mass flow rate, the mass of

material that flows in one unit of time.
Flow Measurement

A liquid or gaseous state mass flow rate or the

volume flow rate, the volume of material that flows in
one unit of time.
Flow Measurement
A particular complication in the measurement of flow rate of liquids and
gases flowing in pipes is the need to consider whether the flow is
laminar or turbulent.

Because of the difficulty in measuring turbulent flow, the usual practice

is to restrict flow measurement to places where the flow is laminar, or
at least approximately laminar.
Mass Flow Rate
1. Conveyor-based Method

Conveyor-based methods are appropriate for measuring the flow of solids in

the form of powders or small granular particles.

A load cell measures the mass,M, of material distributed over a length,L, of

the conveyor. If the conveyor velocity is v, the mass flow rate, Q, is given by
Mass Flow Rate
2. Coriolis Flowmeter

Coriolis meters are used primarily to measure the mass flow rate of liquids

The flowmeter consists either of a pair of parallel vibrating tubes or as a single vibrating
tube that is formed into a configuration that has two parallel sections. The two vibrating
tubes (or the two parallel sections of a single tube) deflect according to the mass flow
rate of the measured fluid that is flowing inside. Tubes are made of various materials, of
which stainless steel is the most common.
Mass Flow Rate
2. Coriolis Flowmeter

They are also manufactured in different shapes, such as B shaped, D shaped, U shaped,
triangular shaped, helix shaped, and straight.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIIViaNITIw
Mass Flow Rate
2. Coriolis Flowmeter

• The vibratory motion of each tube causes

forces on the particles in the flowing fluid
• These forces induce motion of the fluid
particles in a direction that is orthogonal to
the direction of flow, which produces a
Coriolis force
• This Coriolis force causes a deflection of the
tubes that is superimposed on top of the
vibratory motion.

The net deflection of one tube relative to the other

D= kfR This deflection is measured by a suitable
sensor
K is a constant
f is the frequency of the tube vibration
R is the mass flow rate of the fluid inside the tube
Mass Flow Rate
3. Thermal Mass Flow Measurement
• Thermal mass flowmeters are used primarily to measure the flow rate of
gases.
• The principle of operation is to direct the flowing material past a heated
element.
• The mass flow rate is inferred in one of two ways:
(a) by measuring the temperature rise in the flowing material
(b) by measuring the heater power required to achieve a constant set
temperature in the flowing material.
• In both cases, the specific heat and density of the flowing fluid must be
known.
• Standard instruments require the measured gas to be clean and
noncorrosive.

https://
www.youtube.co
m/watch?
v=YfQSf2NBGqc
 Volume Flow Rate
Volume flow rate is an appropriate way of quantifying the flow of all
materials that are in a gaseous, liquid, or semil iquid slurry

1. Differential Pressure (Obstruction-Type) Meters

Differential pressure meters involve the insertion of some device into a fluid-carrying pipe
that causes an obstruction and creates a pressure difference on either side of the device.
Devices used to obstruct the flow include the orifice plate, Venturi tube, flow nozzle, and
Dall flow tube,
Volume Flow Rate
1. Differential Pressure (Obstruction-Type) Meters
When such a restriction is placed in a pipe, the velocity of the fluid
through the restriction increases and the pressure decreases. The
volume flow rate is then proportional to the square root of the pressure
difference across the obstruction. The manner in which this pressure
difference is measured is important.
The theoretical volume
flow rate of the fluid, Q

A1 is the cross-sectional area of

the fluid flow before the
obstruction,
A2 is the cross-sectional area of
the fluid flow at the narrowest
point of the flow beyond the
obstruction
Volume Flow Rate
Pitot static tube
The pitot static tube is used mainly for making temporary measurements of flow

It measures the local velocity of flow at a particular point within a pipe rather than the
average flow velocity as measured by other types of flowmeters.

The flow velocity can then be calculated from

This pressure (P1), as well as the static pressure of the undisturbed free stream of
flow (P2), is measured.

The constant C, known as the pitot tube coefficient

Volume Flow Rate
Pitot static tube
 Volume Flow Rate
2. Variable Area Flowmeters (Rotameters)
The differential pressure across a variable aperture is used to adjust the area of the
aperture. The aperture area is then a measure of the flow rate.

Because this type of instrument only gives a visual indication of flow rate, it is no use in
automatic control schemes

The position of the float is a measure of the effective annular

area of the flow passage and hence of the flow rate.
Volume Flow Rate
3. Positive Displacement Flowmeters
10% of the total number of flowmeters used in industry and are used in large numbers
for metering domestic gas and water consumption
The least expensive instruments have a typical
inaccuracy of about2%, but the inaccuracy
in more expensive ones can be as low as 0.5%.
These higher quality instruments are used
extensively within the oil industry

The rotary piston meter is a common type of

positive displacement meter used particularly
for the measurement of domestic water
supplies

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERXYcVjVHrA
 Volume Flow Rate
4. Turbine Meters
A turbine flowmeter consists of a multibladed wheel mounted in a pipe along an axis
parallel to the direction of fluid flow in the pipe

a permanent magnet and coil The flow of fluid past the wheel causes it to
rotate at a rate proportional to the volume
flow rate of the fluid.

A voltage pulse is induced in the coil as each

blade on the turbine wheel moves past it

These pulses are measured by a pulse counter,

the pulse frequency and hence flow rate can
be deduced
Electromagnetic flowmeters are limited to measuring the volume flow rate of
electrically conductive fluids.
The instrument consists of a stainless-steel
cylindrical tube fitted with an insulating liner,
which carries the measured fluid. Typical lining
materials used are neoprene,
polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyurethane.

a magnetic field of flux density, B a known

constant
L is the distance between the electrodes,
which is the diameter of the tube,
The flowing fluid moving at velocity, v
Two different types of ultrasonic flowmeter exist that employ distinct technologies—one
based on Doppler shift and the other on transittime.
A fundamental requirement of these instruments is
the presence of scattering elements within the
flowing fluid, which deflect the ultrasonic energy
output from the transmitter such that it enters the
receiver. These can be provided by solid particles, gas
bubbles, or eddies in the flowing fluid. The scattering
elements cause a frequency shift between
transmitted and reflected ultrasonic energy, and
measurement of this shift enables fluid velocity to be
inferred.
The instrument consists essentially of an ultrasonic
transmitter–receiver pair clamped onto the outside
wall of a fluid-carrying vessel.
The flow velocity,v,isgivenby
change, and conversion to a frequency change.
V can be calculated from a measurement of dF as
Open channel flowmeters measure the flow of
liquids in open channels and are particularly
relevant to measuring the flow of water in
rivers as part of environmental management
schemes. The normal procedure is to build a
weir or flume of constant width across the flow
and measure the velocity of flow and the
height of liquid immediately before the weir or
flume with an ultrasonic or radar level sensor,
as shown in Figure 16.15. The volume flow rate
can then be calculated from this measured
height.
 Tugas Kelompok
1. Buat kelompok dengan anggota 6 orang
2. Pilih satu obyek untuk diukur temperaturnya (bukan suhu
tubuh atau air mendidih)
3. Desain proses pengukuran temperatur yang akan dilakukan
pada obyek tersebut, yang meliputi gambar ilustrasi proses
pengukuran, sensor, alat-alat lainnya hingga diperoleh data
pengukuran