L’alphabet

A-aa J-ji S-es

B-bay K-ka T-tay
C-say L-el U-iu
D-they M-em V-vay
E-eu N-en W-doobl vay
F-eff O-o X-eeks
G-jey P-pay Y-ee-grek
H-ash Q-cue Z-zed
I-ee R-er
 Les salutations
Salut – hello Excusez – moi – excuse me
Bonjour – hello/good morning Excuse moi – excuse me
Bonsoir – good evening Pardonnez moi – pardon
Bonne journée – have a good day Pardonnez moi – pardon
Bonne soirée – have a good evening Bon voyage – have a good journey
Bonne nuit – good night Bon anniversaire – happy bithday
Au revoir – bye Bonne année – happy new year
à bientôt/à tout a l’heure- see you soon Joyeux noël – merry x-mas
Monsieur –sir Joyeuse diwali – happy diwali
Madame – mam Bienvenue – welcome
Mademoiselle – miss à plus tard – see you later
D’accord – ok Bonne chance – good luck
Oui- yes Bon courage – cheer up
Non – no Félicitations – congratulations
Merci – thank you Messieurs – plural of monsieur
S’il vous plait – please Mesdames – plural of madame
S’il te plait – please Mesdemoiselles – plural of maemoiselle
De rien – welcome Avec plaisir – with pleasure
Je vous en prie – you ‘re welcome Je vous/te remercie – i thank you
Je t’en prie – you’re welcome Bon appétit – enjoy your meal
Désole {e} – sorry Meilleurs vœux – best wishes
vowels Pronounciation guide example meaning
a Is pronounced like ‘ah’ in english la the
â /à Is pronounced like ‘ah’ in english Là /âne There/donkey
e When placed in the middle of a syllable , it is pronounced like ai mer sea
in fair
e When placed at the end of a syllable , it is pronounced as er in le the
her
e Is silent at the end the word tasse cup
é Is pronounced like ‘ay’ été summer

È Is pronounced like ai in fair père father

ê Same as fair Tête head
I,y Are pronounced like ee in meet ski skiing
o Is pronounced like o in not poste Post office
ô Is pronounced like ‘oh’ hôtel hotel
u This sound does not exist in english , say ‘oo’ with rounded lips vu seen
oi Is pronounced like ‘wah ‘ roi king
ou Is pronounced like’oo’ roue wheel
Ai , ei Are pronounced like e in let laine wool
Au , eau Are pronounced like ‘oh’ au To the
Eu,oeu Are pronounced like er in her Neuf/soeur Nine/sister
consonants Pronounciation guide example meaning

c Before e or i sounds like s ceci This

c Eleswhere it sounds llike k car Coach

ç Sounds like s ça That

ch Sounds like ‘sh’ chapeau Hat

g Before e or i sounds like s in measure général General

g Eleswhere sounds like g in go gare Station

h Is silent hôtel Hotel

j Sounds like s in measure Je I

Qu/q Sounds like k qui Who

r Is prounced at the back of the rire To laugh

throat ,it is quite similar to the sound
while we are gargling
S At the beginning of a word sounds Salle Room
like s
s Between 2 vowels lke z rose pink
 Important points
Consonants are not pronounced in the french if
they are coming at the end of the word .
Ex.- paris
Except for the rule CAREFUL and Q .
Example – hôtel
s+vowel- z sound
ss+ vowel – s sound
Nasal sound Pronounciation example meaning

Om, on Pronounce like ong in Nom Name

song non No

un Pronounce like ung in Un One

sung

Am,an Pronounce like ‘ahng’ champ Field

Im,in,aim,ain,ein Pronounce like ang in simple Easy

sang

ien Pronounce like ‘ee- bien well

ang’
syllable pronounciation example meaning

Er At the end of a word of two parler To speak

syllables or more sounds like ‘ay’

Ez At the end of a word sounds like nez Nose

‘ay’

Ail At the end of a word sounds like travail Work

‘ah-ee’

Eil,eille Sounds like a’ ‘ee’ soleil Sun

ill Usually sounds like ‘ee’ fille Girl

gn Sounds like ni in onion Signal signal

 La presentation
1. what’s your name ?
- Comment tu t’appelles ?
- Comment vous vous appelez ?
2. My name is _____- je m’appelle ____
3. what’s your age ?
-quel âge as –tu?
- Quel âge avez – vous ?
4. I am ______ years old – j’ai ____ ans.
5.Where do you live ?
- où habites – tu ?
- où habitez – vous ?
6. I live in jaipur – j’habite a jaipur
• 7. how are you ?
- Comment ça va ?
- ça va ?
- Comment vas-tu ?
- comment allez – vou ?
8. I am fine – ça va.
9. I am good – ça va bien
10. Not good – ça va mal
11. Comme ci comme ça – neither good nor bad
12.Not bad – pas mal
13. I am going good – je vais bien
14. Where are you from ?
- d’où venez – vous ?
- D’où viens – tu ?
15. I am from jaipur – je viens de jaipur
16. what’s your nationality ?
- Quelle est votre / ta nationalite ?
17. I am indian – je suis indien / indienne
18 and you ?
- Et vous
- Et toi
19. Prénom – first name
20. Nom – surname
21 surnom [- nickname
 Les jours de la semaine
• Lundi
• Mardi quel jour sommes-nous ?
• Mercredi c’est quel jour ?
• Jeudi nous sommes _____
• Vendredi c’est -_____
• Samedi
• dimanche
 Les mois de l’année
• Janvier
• Février quel mois sommes-nous ?
• Mars c’est quel mois ?
• Avril nous sommes ____________
• Mai c’est _______
• Juin
• Juillet
• Aout
• Septembre
• Octobre
• Novembre
• Décembre
 Les accents
either change the meaning or pronounciation of the word

1. L’accent aigu
Found – on e
Function – changes the sound of e to ‘A’
Examples – école , étudiante
2. l’accent grave
Found – on e , a and u
Function – changes the sound of e to ‘AY’
Ex- père , mère
With a and u no change in the sound only the meaning change
Ex- a – has and à– to/at/in
Ou –or and où – where
3. L’accent circonflexe
Found – on vowels
Function – pronounce the letter on which it’s found wider than
other letters
Examples – hôtels , hôpital
4. l’accent tréma
Found – on vowels
Function – found when there are 2 vowels and is seen in the
second vowel
It indicates to pronounce both the vowels separately .
Examples – noël
5. l’accent cédille
Found – on c
Function – changes the sound c-k into s…
Examples – garçon , leçon
 5 important verbs
Etre-to be faire – to do/to make aller –to go
je suis je fais je vais
tu es tu fais tu vas
il/elle est il/elle fait il/elle va
nous sommes nous faisons nous allons
vous êtes vous faites vous allez
Ils/elles sont ils/elles font ils/elles vont
Avoir – to have venir-to come
j'ai je viens
tu as tu viens
il/elle a il/elle vient
nous avons nous venons
vous avez vous venez
ils/elles ont ils/elles viennent
 Nouns
• Every noun in French is either fem. or mas .
• Nouns that end with –s and –x are always
plural.
• Nouns that end with –e and –ion are fem.
• Rest of the nouns come under mas. And also
the nouns end with – é.
 Les articles définies
Le – masculine singular noun
La – feminine singular noun
L’-mas/fem noun starting with a vowel
Les – mas/fem noun which is plural
 Usage
1. Definite articles are used to describe something specific.
for e.g..- j’ai les yeux noirs.
I have black eyes.
2. To express likes and dislikes with verbs like aimer , adorer ,
préférer and détester .
for ex. – il aime la salade
He likes salad.
3. With the days of the week , seasons , newspaper and
languages .
for ex. – je ne vais pas a l’école le dimanche .
i don’t go to school on Sunday.
4. With the names of countries , mountaines , lakes , continents .
For ex.- l’inde s’appelle aussi ‘ Bharat’.
 Les articles indéfinis
• Un- masculine singular noun
• Une – feminine singular noun
• Des –mas/fem. Plural noun
 usage
1. These articles are used to describe something general.
for ex.- j’achete des pommes.
I buy some apples.

2. In some cases , indefinite articles are used in english whereas they

are omitted in french while talking about nationality , religion and
profession.
for ex- Elle est. étudiante .

she is a student.
3.When adjective is placed before the noun then ‘de’ is used in place
of ‘des’.
For ex- ce sont de belles filles .

4. In –ve expressions , it changes into [ de/ d’] except etre.

For ex- je n’ai pas de crayon.
 Les articles partitifs
• Du- mas. Singular noun
• De la – fem. Singular noun
• De l’- mas/fem. Noun starting with vowel .
• Des – mas./fem.-plural noun
 usage
1. These articles are used with unknown quantity of something
specially with liquid and food items.
for ex.- je mange de la salade
I eat some salad.
2.It is also used with sentiments or the quality of a person.
for ex. – il a du courage
he’s courageous
3. In –ve expressions , article changes to de/d’
for ex- je ne mange pas de salade.
4. With adverbs of quantity , the article is reduced to de/d’
for ex-je mange beaucoup de chocolats.
5. With the verbs aimer, adorer, préférer and detester definite
articles are used in place of partitive articles in both affirmative and
negative sentences.
for ex-il aime le chocolat.
6. While doing partitive articles , if sentence begins
with noun , then also definite article is used.
for ex.- le pain est bien.
The bread is good.
7. But pay attention while using the same verbs
with other verbs
for ex. – il aime manger du chocolat.
8. These articles indicates the quantity is unknown
or unaccountable . When the quantity is known /
countable , use the indefinite article [ or a
number]
for ex.-il a mange du gateau.
 Les articles contractes
1. Contracted articles are formed with
preposition a and de with definite articles .
à -to/at/in de –of /from
au – mas. Singular noun - du
à la - fem.singular noun - de la
à l’ - mas/fem. Noun with vowel - de l’
aux - mas./fem plural noun - des
2. The contracted articles are used ‘to go to a
place ‘ or ‘ to come from a place ‘.
for ex.- je vais au Marché et à la banque.
I go to market and bank.
- le livre du prof. et les crayons des
élèves sont sur la table.
the book of the prof and the pencils of
pupil are on the table.
 Les adjectifs demonstartifs
• Ce- mas.singular
• Cette-fem.singular
• Cet- mas.singular starting with vowel
• Ces – mas./fem. plural
 usage
• 1. it is used to point out someone or
something as in english – this , that , those ,
these.
• It is always placed before the noun.
for ex. Le garcon habite dans cet immeuble
the boy lives in this building.
 Les adjectifs possessifs
Mas.singular Fem. Singular Plural

Je Mon Ma Mes

Tu Ton Ta Tes

Il/elle Son Sa Ses

Nous Notre Notre Nos

Vous Votre Votre Vos

Ils/elle Leur leur leurs

 usage
• The possessive adjective agree in gender and
number with the noun they introduce .
• It specifies the noun they possessed.
• Like other french adjectives , possessive
adjectives have to agree with the word they
modify in gender and number.
• If fem. Noun starts with vowel then always use
masculine possessive adjectives.
for ex.- c’est mon école.-this is my school.
 qu’est –ce que c’est ?/ qui est-ce ?
1. Qu’est-ce que c’est ?
- What is this ?
- What are these?
usage – to find out about objects or animals .

2. Qui est-ce ?
- Who is this ?
- who are these ?
usage –to find out about people
 verbs

• In french , verbs are divided into 2 categories

i.e regular verbs and irregular verbs.
• Each category has 3 groups.[ -er, -ir and –re ].
• The conjugate verbs represents simple present
as well as present continuous tense.
 -ER ending verbs
• To conjugate –er ending verbs in the present tense ,
remove the infinitive ending.
• And then add appropriate endings ;
-e for ex.-visiter
-es je visite
-e tu visites
-ons il/elle visite
-ez nous visitons
-ent vous visitez
ils/elles visitent
 Some examples
adorer – to adore
aimer – to like
accepter – to accept annuler – to cancel
fermer – to close apporter – to bring
gagner – to win, to earn attraper – to catch
garder – to keep bavarder – to chat
goûter – to taste casser – to break
habiter – to live chanter – to sing
chercher – to look for
jouer – to play commander – to order
laver – to wash commencer – to begin
montrer – to show couper – to cut
oublier – to forget danser – to dance
parler – to speak, to talk demander – to ask
dessiner – to draw
penser – to think détester – to hate, to detest
porter – to wear, to carry donner – to give
présenter – to introduce écouter – to listen to
prêter – to lend emprunter – to borrow
refuser – to refuse enlever – to remove
regarder – to watch étudier – to study
exprimer – to expres
rencontrer – to meet by chance sembler – to seem
rester – to stay, to remain skier – to ski
rêver – to dream téléphoner – to telephone
saluer – to greet tomber – to fall
sauter – to jump travailler – to work
trouver – to find
utiliser – to use
visiter – to visit a place
voler – to fly
 -IR ending verbs
• To conjugate –ir ending verbs in the present tense ,
remove the infinitive ending.
• Add the appropriate endings;
-is for ex.-choisir
-is je choisis
-it tu choisis
-issons il/elle choisit
-issez nous choisissons
-issent vous choisissez
ils/elles choisissent
 Some examples
abolir – to abolish grossir – to gain weight
acceuillir – to welcome guérir – to cure
accomplir – to accomplish investir – to invest
affaiblir – to weaken maigrir – to lose weight
agir – to act nourrir – to feed
avertir – to warn obéir – to obey
bâtir – to build punir – to punish
bénir – to bless ralentir – to slow down
choisir – to choose réfléchir – to reflect
embellir – to make beautiful remplir – to fill
envahir – to invade réunir – to reunite
établir – to establish réussir – to succeed
étourdir – to stun rougir – to blush
finir – to finish saisir – to seize
franchir – to clear an obstacle vieillir – to grow old
grandir – to grow up
 -RE ending verbs
• To conjugate –re ending verbs in the present tense ,
remove the infinitive ending.
• Add the appropriate endings ;
-s for ex.-vendre
-s je vends
- tu vends
-ons il/elle vend
-ez nous vendons
-ent vous vendez
ils/elles vendent
 Some examples

attendre – to wait for pendre – to hang, to suspend

défendre – to defend perdre – to lose
dépendre – to depend on prétendre – to claim
descendre – to descend rendre – to give back
détendre – to relax répandre – to spread, to
entendre – to hear scatter
étendre – to stretch répondre – to answer
fendre – to split tendre – to tighten
fondre – to melt vendre – to sell
mordre – to bite
 La negation
• Basic negation is formed by placing ne-----pas
before and after the conjugated verb
• Ne becomes n’ in front of a verb starting with a
vowel
• Article indefinite un, une ,des and partitive
articles change into de/d’ except with the verb
etre.
• For ex.-je ne mange pas de viande
-je n’ai pas de stylo
 Negative expressions
Déjà Ne---pas encore
Ex. Elle est déjà la !-she is already there. e.x-elle n’est pas encore la !
She is not there yet.

Encore Ne---plus
Ex.-il travaille encore-he is still working. Ex.-il ne travaille plus .-he is not working anymore.

Et Ne—ni—ni
Ex.-il aime la musique et le sport.-he likes the music and sport Ex.[-il n’aime ni la musique ni le sport-he likes niether music nor sport

Quelquechose/tout Ne---rien
Ex.-il mange quelque chose-he eats something. Ex.-il ne mange rien –he eats nothing

Quelqu’un/tout le monde Ne------personne

Ex.-il y a quelqu’un-there is someone Ex.-il n’y a personne- there is no one .
Tout le monde est la –everyone is there. Personne est la !-nobody is there

Souvent/toujours Ne-----jamais
Ex.-il regarde souvent la tele.-he often watches t.v . Ex.-il ne regarde jamais la tele.
Il parle toujours.-he always speaks. He never watches the t.v.
Il ne parle jamais.-he never speaks.

Plusieurs Ne-----aucun
Ex.- de tous mes amis plusiers sont ici- of all my friends several are here. Ex.-de tous mes amis aucun n’est ici- of all my friends not even single is
there.

Quelque part/partout-everywhere Ne-----nulle part

Ex.-il va quelque part-he is going somewhere. Ex.-il ne va nulle part-he is going nowhere

Seulement Ne-----que
Ex.-j’ai seulement Rs.100.- i have only Rs 100. Ex.- je n’ai que Rs 100.-i have only Rs 100.
 Pronominal verbs
• It is a verb which is accompained by a reflexive pronoun.
• Pronominal verbs fall into 3 major classes based on their meaning
:

1. Reflexive
2. Idiomatic
3. Reciprocal
- To conjugate pronominal verbs in the present tense, you need to
pay attention to both the pronoun and the verb form.
for ex-se raser- to shave onself
je me rase nous nous rasons
tu te rases vous vous rasez
il/elle se rase ils/elles se rasent
 Reflexive verbs
• Pronominal verbs often express reflexive actions , that is the subject
performs the action on itself.
• If the subject performs the action on someone else , the verb is not reflexive.
• Common examples-
s’asseoir- to sit down
s’appeler-to be called
s’arreter- to stop
se brosser- to brush
se coucher – to go to bed
s’habiller- to get dressed
se laver – to wash oneself
se promener to take a walk
se reveiller-to wake up
• For ex.- est-ce que tex se rase ? –does tex
shave ?
• To make negative in pronominal verbs
ex.- non , je ne me rase pas – no I don’t shave .
- When pronominal verbs are used with the
parts of the body , they take the definite
articles rather than possessive articleas in
english
for ex.-tex se lave les mains- tex washes his
hands.
 Idiomatic verbs
• Some pronominal verbs are idiomatic and do not represent reflexive
actions.
• Common examples ;
- s’amuser-to have fun
- Se reposer-to rest
- Se depecher-to hurry up
- S’endormir-to fall asleep
- S’ennuyer-to be bored
- S’entendre-to get along
- Se facher-to get angry
- Se marier –to get married
- Se passer –to happen
- Se sentir-to feel
- Se souvrnir de – to remember’
- Se taire –to be silent
- Se tromper-to make a mistake
 Reciprocal verbs
• It expresses a reciprocal action between more than one person
• The english equivalent often uses the phrase each other to represent this
reciprocal action.
• Common examples;
- s’aimer- to love each other
- Se detester- to hate each other
- Se disputer – to argue
- S’embrasser- to kiss/to hug
- Se parler – to talk to each other
- Se quitter- to leave each other
- Se regarder – to look at each other
- Se retrouver – to meet each other
- Se telephoner – to telephone each other
for ex- nous nous aimons – we love each other
 imperatif
• It is used to give orders /commands , express requests or
make suggestions.
• Formation;
• Imperative form of the verb is based on the present tense
, conjugation of the subject pronoun –tu , nous and vous .
• To form imperative simply drop the subject pronoun from
the construction and keep the forms.
• In –er ending verbs ‘s’ is dropped from ‘tu’ form of ther
verb. For ex.- tu parles – parle!
• You could also drop the ‘s’ when an ir verb have the same
endings as an er verb.
For example-ouvres la porte ! Ouvre la porte !
• Don’t forget to put exclamation mark {!} at the
end of the sentence .
• The verbs falloir , pouvoir and devoir have no
imperatives.
• 4 exceptions;
etre avoir savoir vouloir{ kindly }
sois aie sache veuille
soyons ayons sachons veuillons
soyez ayez sachez veuillez
• Imperative with pronominal verbs
affirmative negative
Tu te laves Lave –toi! Ne te lave pas !
Nous nous lavons lavons-nous ! Ne nous lavons
pas!
Vous vous lavez Lavez-vous! Ne vous lavez –
vous!
 adjectives
1.In english , an adjective is placed before the
noun.
for e.g – she is an intelligent girl.
adjective noun

2. But in french , it’s placed after the noun

for ex.- elle est une fille intelligente.
3. The categories of adjectives which will be placed always after
the noun.
a. Forms and shapes
for ex.- c’est une porte carre.
this is a square door.
b. Nationality
for ex- c’est un garcon indien.
this is an indian boy.
c.Color
for ex-c’est une maison rouge.
this is red house.
d. Religion
for ex- c’est une fille hindou
this is a hindu girl
4. But there are some categories of adjectives
which are placed before the noun just as
english.
Beauty- beautiful , ugly
Age- old, new , young
Goodness-kind,gentel , unkind
Size- fat, tall , small , thin
for ex- c’est une belle fille.
this is a beautiful girl.
 colors
• red – rouge
• yellow – jaune
• blue – bleu/bleue
• green – vert/verte
• orange – orange
• white – blanc/blanche
• black – noir/noire
• grey – gris/grise
• brown – marron (Exceptionally, marron remains the same whether a noun is
masculine or feminine)
• pink – rose
• purple – violet/violette
• Golden – doré/dorée
• Silver – argenté/argentée

• claire- light foncé- dark

• Light blue- bleu clair dark blue – bleu foncé
• Country Name Name In French Nationality
Nationality Language(s)
• Algeria Algérie Algérien(ne) l'arabe, le français
• Australia Australie Australien(ne) l'anglais
• Belgium Belgique Belge le flamand, le français
• Brazil Brésil Brésilien(ne) le portugais
• Canada Canada Canadien(ne) le français, l'anglais
• China Chine Chinois(e) le chinois
• Egypt Egypte Égyptien(ne) l'arabe
• England Angleterre Anglais(e) l'anglais
• France France Français(e) le français
• Germany Allemagne Allemand(e) l'allemand
• India Inde Indien(ne) l'hindi (plus many others)
• Ireland Irlande Irlandais(e) l'anglais, l'irlandais
• Italy Italie Italien(ne) l'italien
• Japan Japon Japonais(e) le japonais
• Mexico Mexique Mexicain(e) l'espagnol
• Morocco Maroc Marocain(e) l'arabe, le français
• Netherlands Pays-Bas Néerlandais(e) le néerlandais
• Poland Pologne Polonais(e) le polonais
• Portugal Portugal Portugais(e) le portugais
• Russia Russie Russe le russe
• Senegal Sénégal Sénégalais(e) le français
• Spain Espagne Espagnol(e) l'espagnol
• Switzerland Suisse Suisse l'allemand, le français, l'italien
• United States états – unis Américain(e) l'anglais
 plural
1. Words ending with –s, -x and –z remain same in the plural
Ex.- le fils-les fils
2.Words ending with –eau , -ou and –eu take –x in the plural.
Ex.-le gâteau- les gâteaux
Exceptions-le pneu, le livre bleu, le cou, le clou
3. Words ending with –ail and –al take –aux in the plural
Ex.- le journal – les journaux
Exceptions- le bal , le carnaval , le chacal , le cérémonial , le
récital , le chandail
4. Rest of the words take –s in the plural
Ex.- le garçon- les garçons
 interrogation
• There are 3 ways of framing questions.
1. Intonation [ changing tone ]
a very simple but informal way to ask yes/no
questions is to raise the pitch of your voice while
pronouncing any sentence .
for ex.- vous dansez? - you dance ?
You can also use this structure to ask negative
questions.
for ex.-tu ne danses pas ? – you don’t dance ?
2. est-ce que
It literally means ‘is it that’ can be placed at the
beginning of any affirmative sentence to turn it
into a question
for ex.- est-ce que vous dansez ?- do you
dance ?
in negative –
ex- est-ce que vous ne dansez pas ? – don’t
you dance ?
3. Inversion
a formal way to ask questions is with inversion
invert the conjugated verb and subject pronoun and join
them with a hyphen.
for ex- dansez-vous ? – do you dance ?
in negative
ex- ne dansez-vous pas ?-don’t you dance ?
When using inversion with the third person
singular[il/elle or on ] and a verb ends in a vowel ,
you must add ‘t’ between the verb and the subject
pronoun
for ex.-aime-t-elle la musique ? – does she like
music ?
• N’est-ce pas ?
If you are pretty sure the answer of your question is
yes , you can just make an affirmative statement
then add the tag n’est-ce pas ? To the end . This is
also infromal.
for ex.- tu danses n’est-ce pas ?
you dance right / isn’t ?
 Question words
• Quand-when
• A quelle heure – at what time
• Qui – who
• Avec qui-with whom
• Pour qui –for whom
• Comment-how
• Combien[de]- how many /how much
• Ou- where
• D’ou-from where
• Pourquoi-why
• Pour quelle raison –for what reason
• Quoi-what
• Que/qu’est-ceque- what
• Quel+noun-what/which
• A qui – to whom
• De quelle couleur – of what colour
• Depuis quand – since when
• Jusqu’a quand – till when
 Common register Standard register Written or formal

Qui C’est qui ? / Qui est-ce ?

Who is it ? Who is it ?

Que/quoi Tu fais quoi demain ? Qu’est-ce que tu fais ? Que fais-tu ?

What you are doing
tomorrow ? What are you doing ?

quand Tu viens quand? Quand est-ce que tu viens ? Quand viens-tu ?

When are you coming?

ou Tu habites ou ?-where do Ou est-ce que tu habites ? Ou habites –tu ?

you live ?

Pourquoi Pouquoi tu pleures ? Porquoi est ce que tu Porquoi pleures-tu ?

Why are you crying ? pleures?

comment il s’appelle comment ? Comment est-ce qu’il Comment s’appelle-t-il ?

What’s his name ? s’appelle ?

combien combien ca coute ? Combien est-ce que ca Combien coute –t-il ?

How much does it cost ? coute ?

Combien de Combien de chiens tu as ? Combien de chiens est – ce Combien de chiens as –tu ?

How many dogs you have ? que tu as ?
 Reponse
• If you want to reply to a affirmative question in
positive
Then use – oui- yes
if in negative-non
If you want to reply to a negative question in negative
Then use – non
If in positive – si
for ex. Tu ne danses pas ?- si , je danse – yes , I dance .
 Les adjectifs interrogatifs
• Quel-mas.singular
• Quelle-fem.singular
• Quels-mas.plural
• Quelles-fem.plural

• Quel is used whenever you want specific information about a

noun .
• Like other adjectives in french , this adjective quel also agrees in
number and in gender with the noun it modifies .
• Quel is directly placed before the noun except the verb etre
for ex.- quelle est la date ?
quel livre lis-tu ?
 Irregular verbs
dire – to say, to tell
Je dis
vouloir – to want to
Je veux
Mettre and the verbs
ending in –mettre all
Tenir and venir are two
similar verbs that have
obtenir – to
Tu dis Tu veux follow the same pattern their own pattern of obtain
Il/Elle dit
Nous disons
Il/Elle veut
Nous voulons
of conjugation. conjugation.
Je tiens
parvenir – to
Vous dites Vous voulez Je mets Tu tiens reach, to
Ils/Elles disent Ils/Elles veulent Tu mets
Il/Elle met
Il/Elle tient
Nous tenons
achieve
pouvoir – to be able to Verbs ending in – Nous mettons Vous tenez prévenir – to
do
Je peux
prendre are all
conjugated like prendre:
Vous mettez
Ils/Elles mettent
Ils/Elles tiennent warn
Tu peux Je viens retenir – to
Il/Elle peut
Nous pouvons
Je prends
Tu prends
admettre – to admit
commettre – to commit
Tu viens
Il/Elle vient
retain
Vous pouvez Il/Elle prend compromettre – to Nous venons soutenir – to
Ils/Elles peuvent Nous prenons
Vous prenez
compromise
mettre – to put, to place
Vous venez
Ils/Elles viennent
support
savoir – to know, to Ils/Elles prennent permettre – to permit souvenir – to
know how to
Je sais apprendre – to learn
promettre – to promise
remettre – to turn in
abstenir – to refrain, to
abstain from
remember
Tu sais comprendre – to work, to postpone advenir – to happen subvenir – to
Il/Elle sait understand soumettre – to submit appartenir – to belong provide for
Nous savons entreprendre – to transmettre – to to
Vous savez undertake transmit circonvenir – to survenir – to
Ils/Elles savent méprendre – to mistake circumvent occur, to take
prendre – to take contenir – to contain
voir – to see reprendre – to retake, to convenir – to suit, to be place
Je vois take again suitable
Tu vois surprendre – to surprise détenir – to detain tenir – to hold,
Il/Elle voit devenir – to become to keep
Nous voyons entretenir – to look
Vous voyez after, to support venir – to come
Ils/Elles voient intrevenir – to intervene
maintenir – to maintain
Verbs ending in -ger Verbs like lancer Verbs ending in -yer Some verbs, like Finally, there are verbs
have a spelling change that end in -cer also change the -y to an acheter, change the -e like appeler that have a
in the nous form of the have a spelling -i in the je, tu, il, in the root to -è in the doubled final consonant
verb. An extra -e is change in the nous and ils forms. je, tu, il, and ils forms. in the je, tu, il, and ils
added to keep the -g form. The -c is forms.
sound soft. changed to a -ç to Je paie J’achète
Je mange maintain a soft -c Tu paies Tu achètes J’appelle
Tu manges sound. Il/Elle paie Il/Elle achète Tu appelles
Il/Elle mange Nous payons Nous achetons Il/Elle appelle
Nous mangeons Je lance Vous payez Vous achetez Nous appelons
Vous mangez Tu lances Ils/Elles paient Ils/Elles achètent Vous appelez
Ils/Elles mangent Il/Elle lance Past Participle – Past Participle – Ils/Elles appellent
Nous lançons payé acheté Past Participle – appelé
bouger – to move Vous lancez
changer – to change Ils/Elles lancent aboyer – to bark acheter – to buy appeler – to call
corriger – to correct balayer – to sweep amener – to bring épeler – to spell out
décourager – to annoncer – to effrayer – to enlever – to take off étinceler – to sparkle
discourage announce frighten espérer – to hope feuilleter – to leaf
déménager – to move avancer – to s’ennuyer – to be geler – to freeze through a book
déranger – to disturb advance bored se lever – to get up jeter – to thow
diriger – to direct commencer – to envoyer – to send posséder – to own renouveler – to renew
encourager – to commence essayer – to try préférer – to prefer
encourage dénoncer – to essuyer – to wipe se promener – to take
engager – to bind denounce nettoyer – to clean a stroll
exiger – to demand divorcer – to payer – to pay répéter – to repeat
juger – to judge divorce renvoyer – to send suggérer – to suggest
loger – to lodge effacer – to erase back, to fire
manger – to eat lancer – to throw
mélanger – to mix menacer – to
nager – to swim threaten
obliger – to oblige placer – to put
partager – to share prononcer – to
rédiger – to write pronounce
voyager – to travel remplacer – to
replace
renoncer – to
renounce
 Prepositions before cities and countries
• When a person goes to a place /destination or
stays in a place the following prepositions are
used;
• Cities – À – to/at/in
fem. Countries- en
mas. Countries – au
plural countries - aux
- for all mas. Countries starting with vowel take
‘en’.
• When a person comes/belongs from a place /
country , the following prepositions are used.
• Cities –de [ from , of ]
• Fem. Countries –de/d’
• Mas. Countries – du
• Plural countries – des

• when mas.countries start with vowel take d’ .

 Passe récent
• We use passe recent to talk about completed
actions that happened shortly before the
moment of speaking.
• Formation –
subject + venir + de + infinitive form of the verb.
ex.- je viens de parler .
i have just spoken
 Passe composé
• It is the simple past tense and present perfect
tense which is used to express something that
has completed in the past.
• Something that was done a certain amount of
times in the past and a series of some things
which completed in the past.
for ex.- i ate , i have eaten – j’ai mangé .
 formation
• To conjugate a verb in the passe compose , the
auxilary [ or helping] verb either avoir / etre is
conjugated in the present and the past
participle is then added.

• There are 17 verbs + pronominal verbs which

take etre other verbs are always conjugated
with avoir .
 17 verbs with etre
Arriver Partir
Descendre Monter
Venir Aller
Entrer Sortir
naitre Mourir
tomber Rester

Retourner , revenir, devenir,

passer and rentrer
 Formation of past participle
• -er ending verbs – é
• -ir ending verbs – i
• -re ending verbs – u

• Irregular past participle must be memorized .

• Past partciple always agrees with the subject while
conjugating with the auxilary verb etre and is known as
accord.
• For ex.- ravi est allé au restaurant.
riya est allée au restaurant.
 Irregular past participles

1. Abstenir (to abstain) 11. Construire (to build) 21. Etre (to be) → été 31. Offrir (to offer) → 41. Réduire (to reduce)
→ abstenu → construit offert → réduit
22. Faire (to do; to
12. Courir (to run) → make) → fait 32. Ouvrir (to open) → 42. Rire (to laugh) → ri
2. Acquérir (to acquire) couru ouvert
→ acquis 23. Falloir (to have to) 43. Savoir (to know) →
13. Couvrir (to cover) → → fallu 33. Peindre (to paint) su
3. Apprendre (to learn) couvert → peint
→ appris 24. Instruire (to 44. Souffrir (to suffer)
14. Craindre (to fear) → instruct) → instruit 34. Permettre (to allow; → souffert
4. Atteindre (to attain) craint to permit) → permis
→ atteint 25. Joindre (to join; to 45. Suivre (to follow) →
15. Croire (to believe) affix) → joint 35. Plaire (to please) → suivi
5. Asseoir (to sit) → → cru plu
assis 26. Lire (to read) → lu 46. Tenir (to hold) →
16. Décevoir (to 36. Pleuvoir (to rain) → tenu
6. Avoir (to have) → eu deceive; to disappoint) 27. Mettre (to put) → plu
→ déçu mis 47. Vivre (to live) →
7. Boire (to drink) → bu 37. Prendre (to take) → vécu
17. Découvrir (to 28. Mourir (to die) → pris
8. Comprendre (to discover) → découvert mort 48. Valoir (to be worth)
understand) → compris 38. Produire (to → valu
18. Devoir (to have to) 29. Naitre (to be born) produce) → produit
9. Conduire (to drive) → dû → né 49. Voir (to see) → vu
→ conduit 39. Pouvoir (to be able
19. Dire (to say) → dit 30. Obtenir (to obtain) to) → pu 50. Vouloir (to want) →
10. Connaitre (to know) → obtenu voulu
→ connu 20. Écrire (to write) → 40. Recevoir (to
écrit receive) → reçu
 imparfait
• It is used to describe states of being and habitual actions in
the past and also refers to events without a specific duration.
• To refer to previously ongoing and repeated events that are
now completly finished.
• To express an action that happened often in the past , such as
habit where you use the pharse ‘ i used to do ‘.
• Action that occured while something else was happening.
• To compare and contrast events in the present with the
events in the past.
• To compare and contrast events in the present with the
events in the past.
• The verbs which are used to describe states or circumstances
are often seen in the imparfait – avoir, desirer, etre , preferer,
penser ,esperer,detester , pouvoir, savoir, devoir.
• Physical and emotional descriptions ;time, weather , age ,
feeling come under imparfait.
 formation
• For all verbs except for etre , the imparfait stem is
determined by removing the –ons from the nous form .
• Then add endings-
-ais
-ais
-ait
-ions
-iez
-aient
Exceptions- être- et
 Passe compose vs imparfait
Passe compose imparfait
1. Action terminated 1. Continuous / habitual
Ex.-j’ai lu un livre. Ex.- je lisais un livre.
2. Action continued for a period of time 2.Description in the past
and now it is stoppped Ex.-c‘était l’hiver
Ex.- j’ai habite à delhi.

3.Action which is repeated many times in 3. Describe the state using être,
the past détester ,aimer , adorer
Ex.-j’ai lu ce livre plusiers fois. Ex.-il était petit.

4.Action which continues in the same 4. Two actions happened at the same
[ imaparfait] another action terminated time
[ passe compose] Ex. quand je lisais , elle écoutait la
Ex.- je dormais quand le téléphone a musique
sone.

5. Following below are the words used in 5. Following below are the words used in
the passe compose imparfait.
2,3,4…fois , longtemps , pendant 2 jours , D’habitude , rarement , d’ordinaire ,
toute la semaine , tout a coup , soudain , chaque jour , habituellement , pendant
jamais , hier , brusquement que, le mardi , tous les jours .
 Futur proche
• This tense is used to express something that is
going to happen soon.
• To talk about a planned action in the near
futur.
• It indicates that the speaker is relatively
certain that the future event will actually
happen.
 formation
• Present tense of aller + infinitive of action
verb.
• For ex.- je vais lire un livre- i am going to read
a book.
- Vous allez vous lever- you are going to get up.
 Futur simple
• We use this tense to talk about futur
intentions.
• To make suppositions or predictions about the
future.
 formation
• Use the infinitive form of the verb +avoir endings.
• Er –infinitive
• Ir- infinitive
• Re- drop ‘e’
• Avoir endings – ai , as , a , ons , ez , ont
• For ex.- parler – je parlerai , tu parleras , il/elle
parlera , nous parlerons , vous parlerez , ils/elles
parleront
 Irregular futur stem
Acheter- acheter Falloir-faudr
[ achever ,amener ,emmener , promener , Jeter-jetter
laver ] [feuilleter,hoqueter, projeter , rejeter]
Acquérir –acquerr Nettoyer-nettoier
[conquérir ,s’enquerir] [employer, noyer,tutoyer]
Appeler-appeler Pleuvoir-pleuvr
[épeler, rappeler, renouveler] Savoir-saur
Aller- Ir Tenir-tiendr
Avoir- Aur [ maintenir, obtenir , soutenir]
Devoir- devr Valoir-vaudr
Envoyer- enverr Venir-viendr
Essayer- essaier [devenir, parvenir , revenir ]
[balayer , effrayer, payer] Voir – verr [ revoir ]
Essuyer- essuier Vouloir – voudr
[appuyer, ennuyer] Pouvoir-pourr
Etre-ser
Faire-fer