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Cours 3 - Les Systèmes Structurels

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25 views11 pages

Cours 3 - Les Systèmes Structurels

Uploaded by

ounis.maroua.kh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Systèmes

Structurels et
Modes de
construction
Typologie
Systèmes structurels
Les techniques et les matériaux de construction ont évolué dans le
temps, allant de la construction en terre crue vers la construction en
parpaing de ciment et structure en béton armé en passant par divers
autres modes structurels et constructifs. Cette évolution de la
construction a permis de gagner du temps dans la durée de réalisation
en même temps qu’elle a facilité la mise en œuvre et l’exécution des
projets.
En se basant sur le comportement statique de la structure et le mode
de transferts des charges, il est possible de distinguer entre les 3
modes constructifs et systèmes structurels suivants :
1. Système à murs porteurs (load bearing masonry
construction)
2. Système à ossature (frame structures )
3. Système spatial

1- ‫االنشاء بنظام الحوائط الحاملة‬


2- ‫االنشاء الهيكلي‬
3- ‫المنشآت الفراغية‬
LOAD BEARING MASONRY
CONSTRUCTION
It essentially consists of thick, heavy masonry walls of brick
or stone that support the entire structure, including the
horizontal floor slabs, which could be made of reinforced
concrete, wood, or steel members.

Load-bearing walls, as their name implies, are designed to


carry their own load and the load of the roof, the floors and
their contents, by compression. Lateral forces such as wind are
resisted by the mass of the materials forming the wall and the
bracing effects of the floor and internal walls and their loads.

A modern example of load bearing masonry construction for a


residential building. Note the absence of concrete columns
and beams. The walls are the main load carrying elements.
LOAD BEARING
MASONRY
CONSTRUCTION
Load bearing masonry construction was the most widely
used form of construction for large buildings from the
1700s to the mid-1900s. It is very rarely used today for
large buildings, but smaller residential-scale structures
are being built.

In contrast, most construction today is not load-bearing


masonry but frame structures of light but strong
materials, that support floor slabs and have very thin
and light internal and external walls.

The key idea with this construction is that every wall acts
as a load carrying element.
The immense weight of the walls actually helps to hold
the building together and stabilize it against external
forces such as wind and earthquake.
Every wall had a simple continuous
strip foundation below it.
LOAD BEARING
MASONRY
CONSTRUCTION
The american architect Louis Kahn famously used load
bearing construction for the Indian Institute of
Management, Ahmedabad (image below). His structures
clearly express the construction system rather than
conceal it under decorative skins. In this structure,
concrete is used exclusively for members in tension,
which are ties that tie together the two ends of the brick
arches.

IIM Ahmedabad, India, by architect Louis Kahn


Un système constructif spatial est par définition un
élément ou un ensemble d'éléments qui travaillent comme une
seule pièce suivant trois directions simultanément .

Une structure spatiale (tridimensionnelle ou à poutres croisés ou


structure tendue) est composée de barres, de plaques ou de
parois liées entre elles de façon à se suffire à elle-même pour
résister à des forces provenant de toute les directions de
l’espace.

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