Unit-IV

IoT Physical Devices and End points

• A “Thing” in internet of Things (IoT ) can be any object that has a unique identifier
and which can send / receive data (including user data ) over a network ( e.g smart
phone, smart TV , computer, refrigerator, Car , etc )

• IoT devices are connected to the internet and send information about themselves or
about their surroundings( e.g information sensed by the connected sensors ) over a
network ( to other devices or servers/storage ) or allow actuation up on the physical
entities/environment around them remotely.
IoT device Examples :

• A home automation device that allows remotely monitoring the status of

appliances and controlling the appliances.

• An Industrial machine which sends information about its operation and

health monitoring data to a server.

• A car which sends information about its location to a cloud-based sevice.

• A wireless –enabled wearable device that measures data about a person

such as the number of steps walked and sends the data to a cloud-based
service.
Basic building blocks of an IoT device:
Sensing:
Sensors can be either on-board the IoT device or attached to the device . IoT device can collect
various types of information from the on-board or attached sensors such as temperature,
humidity, light intensity etc . The sensed information can be communicated either to other
devices or cloud based servers/ storage.

Actuation : IoT device can have various types of actuators attached that allow taking actions
upon the physical entities in the vicinity of the device. For example, a relay switch connected
to an IoT device can turn an appliance on/off based on the commands sent to the device.
Communication:

Communication modules are responsible for sending collected data to

other devices or cloud-based servers/ storage and receiving data from
other devices and commands from remote applications.

Analysis & Processing:

Analysis and processing modules are responsible for making sense of

the collected data.
Exemplary Device: Raspberry Pi :
Raspberry Pi is a low-cost mini computer with the physical size of a credit card.

It runs various flavors of Linux and can perform almost all tasks that a normal
desktop computer can do.

It is also allows interfacing sensors and actuators through the general purpose I/o
(GPIO) pins.

Since Raspberry pi runs Linux operating system, it supports Python

About the Board
Raspberry Pi board with the various components /peripherals labelled.

Processor & RAM : Raspberry Pi is based on ARM processor. The latest version of
Raspberry pi comes with 700 MHz Low power ARM1176JZ-F processor and 512 MB
SDRAM.

USB Ports :Raspberry Pi comes with two USB 2.0 Ports. The USB ports on Raspberry Pi
can provide a current up to 100mA.For connecting devices that draw current more than
100mA, an external USB powered hub is required.

Ethernet Ports: Raspberry Pi comes with a standard RJ45 Ethernet port. You can connect
an Ethernet cable or a USB Wifi adapter to provide internet connectivity.
HDMI output : The HDMI port on Raspberry Pi provides both video and audio output.
You can connect the raspberry Pi to a monitor using HDMI cable.For monitors that have a
DVI port but no HDMI port, you can use an HDMI to DVI adapter/cable.

Audio output :Raspberry Pi has a 3.5mm audio output jack . This audio jack is used for
providing audio output to old televisions along with the RCA jack for video.

GPIO pins: Raspberry Pi comes with a number of general purpose input/output pins.
There are four types of pins on Raspberry Pi- true GPIO pins,12C Interface pins, SPI
interface pins and serial Rx and Tx pins.

Display Serial Interface(DSI) : The DSI interface can be used to connect an LCD panel to
Raspberry Pi.
Camera Serial Interface: The CSI interface can be used to connect a camera
module to Raspberry Pi.

Status LEDs: Raspberry Pi has Five status LEDs.

SD card slot: Raspberry Pi does not have a built in operating system and
storage . You can Plug-in an SD card loaded with a Linux image to the SD
card slot.

Power Input : Raspberry Pi has a micro-USB connector for power input.

Linux on Raspberry Pi:
Raspberry Pi supports various flavors of Linux including:

Raspbian Raspbian Linux is a Debian wheezy port optimized for Raspberry Pi. This
is the Recommended Linux for Raspberry pi.

Arch: Arch is an Arch Linux port for AMD devices.

Pidora : Pidora Linux is a Fedora Linux optimized for Raspberry Pi.

RaspBMC :RaspBMC is an XBMC media-center distribution for Raspberry Pi.

OpenELEC : OpenELEC is a fast and user friendly XBMC media-center distribution.

RISC OS: RISC OS is a very fast and compact operating system.

Raspberry Pi interfaces
Raspberry Pi has serial, SPI and I2C interfaces for data transfer as shown in figure.
Serial :

The serial interface on Raspberry Pi has receive (Rx) and transmit (Tx) pins for
communication with serial peripherals.
SPI :

Serial Peripheral Interface(SPI) is a synchronous serial data protocol used for

communicating with one or more peripheral devices . In an SPI connection, there
is one master device and one or more peripherals devices. There are five pins on
Raspberry Pi for SPI interface.
• MISO (Master In Slave Out): Master line for sending data to the
peripherals.

• MOSI(Master out Slave In ) :Slave line for sending data to the master.

• SCK (Serial clock) : Clock generated by master to synchronize data

transmission.

• CEO(Chip Enable 0) : To enable or disable devices.

• CEO (Chip Enable 1) : To enable or disable devices.

I2C:

The I2C interface pins or Raspberry Pi allow you to connect hardware

modules.I2C interface allows synchronous data transfer with just two
pins-SDA( data line ) and SCL (Clock line).
Programming Raspberry Pi with Python :

Controlling LED with Raspberry Pi:

$echo 18 > /sys/class/gpio/export

$cd/sys/class/gpio.gpio18

#Set pin 18 direction to out

$echo out> direction

# Turn LED on

$echo 1 > value

#Turn LED off

$echo 0 > value

Controlling LED with Raspberry Pi
# Python Program for blinking LED

Import Rpi.GPIO as GPIO

Import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT)

While True :

GPIO.output( 18, True)

time.sleep( 1 )

GPIO.output( 18, False)

time.sleep(1)
Interfacing an LED and Switch with Raspberry PI
Python Program for controlling an LED with a switch
Python program to sending an email on switch press :
Import smtplib
from time import sleep
Import RPI . GPIO as GPIO
from sys import exit

From_email = ‘ <my-email>’
receipients_list=[‘<receipint-email>’]
cc_list = [ ]
subject = ‘ Hello ‘
message = ‘ Switch pressed on Raspberry pi’
username = ‘ <Gmail-username>’
password = ‘ <password>’
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(25, GPIO.IN)

Def sendmail (from_addr, to_addr_list, cc_addr_list, subject, message,

login, password, smtpserver ):

header = ‘ From: % s \n’ % from_addr

header + = ‘ To: % s \n’ % ‘ , ‘ . Join( to_addr_list )
header + = ‘ Cc: % s \n’ % ‘ , ‘. Join (cc_addr_list)
header + = ‘subject: % s \n \ n ’ % subject
message = header + message
server = smtplib.SMTP(smtpserver)
server.starttls ( )
Server.login(login,password)
Problems = server.sendmail(from_addr, to_addr_list, message)
Server.quit( )
While True :
try :
if ( GPIO.input ( 25 ) == True ) :
sendmail(from_email, receipients_list, cc_list, subject, message,
username, password, server)
Sleep(.01)
Except keyboardInterrrupt:
Exit ( )
Interfacing a Light Sensor(LDR) with Raspberry Pi

• The figure shows the schematic diagram of connecting an LDR to Rspberry

Pi.

• Connect one side of LDR to 3.3V and other side to a 1uF capacitor and
also to a GPIO pin ( pin 18 in this example).

• An LED is connected to pin 18 which is controlled based on the light-level

sensed.
Interfacing LDR with Raspberry Pi
 Python program for switching LED/Light based on reading LDR reading
import Rpi.GPIO as GPIO
Import time

GPIO.setmode ( GPIO.BCM)
Ldr_threshold = 1000
LDR_PIN = 18
LIGHT_PIN = 25
Def readLDR ( PIN ) :
reading = 0
GPIO.setup ( LIGHT_PIN, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(PIN,False)
time.sleep ( 0. 1 )
GPIO.setup ( PIN, GPIO . IN )
while( GPIO.input ( PIN ) = = False) :
reading=reading+1
return reading
def switchingOnLight ( PIN) :
GPIO.setup ( PIN, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output ( PIN, True)
def switchoffLight( PIN ) :
GPIO.setup ( PIN , GPIO.OUT )
GPIO.output( PIN, False )

while True :
ldr_reading = readLDR ( LDR_ PIN )
if ldr_reading< ldr_threshold :
switchOnlight ( LIGHT_PIN)
else :
switchoffLight ( LIGHT_PIN )
time.sleep( 1 )