Antidifferentiation

Objectives
 To define antidifferentiation.

 To investigate antiderivatives, indefinite

integrals, and all of their parts.

 To use basic integration rules to find

antiderivatives.
CALCULUS
 $200
Its derivative is
2x

What is
f ( x)  x 2 ?
 $400
Its derivative is
2
3x

What is
f ( x)  x3 ?
 $600
Its derivative is
4x

What is
f ( x)  2 x 2 ?
 $800
Its derivative is
1
2
x

What is
1
f ( x)   ?
x
 $1000
Its derivative is
x

What is
3
f ( x)  x 2 ?
2
3
 Antidifferentiation
 Up to this point in calculus, you have been
concerned primarily with this problem:
given a function, find its derivative

 Many important applications of calculus

involve the inverse problem: given the
derivative of a function, find the function
 Antidifferentiation
 This operation of determining the original
function from its derivative is the inverse
operation of differentiation and is called
antidifferentiation.

 Antidifferentiation is a process or operation

that reverses differentiation.
 Differential Equations

A differential equation is one which has a derivative

expression in it.

For example: f’(x)=2x+1 is a differential equation.

When we integrate this type of equation we get the
general solution which contains the constant, C .

To find a particular solution we need another piece of

information. It could be a point that we know the
function passes through. We call this piece of
information the initial condition.

A typical problem might be:

f’(x)= 3x2 - 4x + 8 
f(1)= 9 

07/28/24 Calculus - Santowski 11
 Let’s look at the solution to the problem:
f’(x)= 3x2 - 4x + 8 
f(1)= 9 


Solution: First integrate both sides:

3x3 4x2
f(x)    8x  C
3 2

Simplify: f(x)  x3  2x2  8x  C

Now find C by using the initial condition.

Substitute 1 for x and 9 for f(x)
9  1  21  81  C
3 2

9  1 28 C This gives the particular

solution.
9  7 C
07/28/242  C f(x)  x3  2x2  8x  2 12
Calculus - Santowski
 Antidifferentiation
What is the antiderivative of F  x   x ?
7

G  x   18 x 71
 18 x8

Notice: G  x   F  x 
G is an antiderivative of F.
 Antiderivatives & Indefinite Integrals

 The antidifferentiation process is also called integration.

Differential
Integral
(variable of
sign
integration)

 f ( x) dx  F ( x)
Integrand
Indefinite Antiderivative
Integral

The derivative of F is f.

F  x   f  x 
Antiderivatives & Indefinite Integrals
The Power Rule for Integration
x N 1 , N  1
N  1
 x dx 
N
This absolute value
prevents you from
ln x , N  1 having to find the
natural log of a
negative number.

1
When N  1, x  x  N 1
x

Q: What function has the derivative 1 ?

x
A: ln x
Antiderivatives & Indefinite Integrals

  2
2 x dx x

What if we were to shift the graph up 1 unit?

Antiderivatives & Indefinite Integrals

Do the slopes change?

Antiderivatives & Indefinite Integrals

  1
2
2 x dx x

The slopes stay the same.

Antiderivatives & Indefinite Integrals

 2 x dx  x C
2

If a function has an antiderivative,

then it has an infinite number of antiderivates.
Antiderivatives & Indefinite Integrals

 2 x dx  x C
2

Constant of
Integration

To capture the fact that there are infinitely

many antiderivatives we add a constant.
Basic Integration Rules
 (Number) dx
 (Number) x  C

Evaluate  2 dx 

2x  C
Basic Integration Rules
Constant Rule for Integration

 c dx  cx  C
Evaluate  5 dx 

5x  C
Basic Integration Rules
 (Number)  f  x  dx
 (Number)  f  x  dx

The integral of a function times a

constant is equal to the constant
times the integral of the function.
 Basic Integration Rules
Evaluate  5 x dx  3

5 x dx 
3

5 x4
4 C 
5
4 x C
4

Q: How do you know if you have found the correct antiderivative?

A: Take the derivative of your answer to check.

 Basic Integration Rules
Constant Multiple Rule for Integration

 c  f  x  dx  c  f  x  dx
Sum & Difference Rules for Integration

  f  x   g  x  dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx
  f  x   g  x  dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx
Basic Integration Rules
Evaluate   6 x  4 x  1x +1 dx 
2

     x dx   1 dx 
2
6 x dx 4 x dx 1

6 x3
3 4 x2
2  ln x  x C 

2x 2x  ln x  x  C
3 2
 You Try these three.
Evaluate  3t dt 
2
Evaluate  5du  5u  c
3
t
3 t dt  3  c  t  c
2 3

Evaluate  2x dx 
2
Evaluate  x(3 x  4)dx 
x -1 -2
2 x dx    4 x)dx 
2 2
2 c  C (3 x
1 x
 3x dx   4xdx 
2

x  2x  c
3 2
 Integration Formulas for Trigonometric Functions

 sin x dx   cos x  C
 cos x dx  sin x  C
 sec x dx  tan x  C
2

 csc x dx   cot x  C
2

 sec x tan x dx  sec x  C

 csc x cot x dx   csc x  C
07/28/24 Calculus - Santowski 28
 Example 2.

Suppose we wish to find a particular

antiderivative satisfying the equation

dy
 6x 1
dx
and the initial condition y = 7 when x = 2.

07/28/24 Calculus - Santowski 29

 Sol’n of Example 2
dy  (6 x  1)dx

 dy   (6 x  1)dx
y  3x  x  C
2

but x  2 when y  7, then

7  3(2)  3  C  C  7
2

Thus the particular antiderivative desired,

07/28/24 y  3x  x  7
2
30
 Example 3.

The volume of water in a tank is V

cubic meters when the depth of
water is h meters. The rate of
change of V with respect to h is
π(4h2 +12h + 9), find the volume of
water in the tank when the depth is
3m.

07/28/24 Calculus - Santowski 31

 Sol’n of Example 3
dV
   4h 2  12h  9 
dh Volume V=0 if depth

     12h  9  dh
 h =0
2
dV 4h
 4h 3 
V    6h  9h   C
2

 3 
 4(03 ) 
0   6(02 )  9(0)   C
 3 
 C 0
 4h 3 
Thus V     6h 2  9h 
 3 
 4(33 ) 
V    6(32 )  9(3)   207 m3
 3 
07/28/24 32
 Conclusion
 Antidifferentiation is a process or operation
that reverses differentiation.

 The antidifferentiation process is also

called integration.

 Similar to differentiation, integration has a

variety of rules that we must remember,
recall, and be able to use.
 Exercises:
1. y 3 (2 y 2  3)dy
2. x ( x  1)dx
y 4  2 y 2 1
3. dy
y
sin x
4. 2
dx
cos x
5. (2 cot 2   3 tan 2  )d
07/28/24 Calculus - Santowski 34