PHYSICS

MOTION, LAWS OF MOTION,

FORCE, FRICTION & CENTER
OF MASS
CENTER of MASS
■ The motion through space in which the position of the centre of mass of the object changes is considered
as translational motion.
■ CENTRE OF MASS (COM)
■ For a system of particles, centre of mass, is that point at which its total mass is supposed to be
concentrated.
■ Rigid Body
■ A body which does not deform on the application of whatsoever large force is called a rigid body. Ideally
such type of body will not exist but practically, large, extended object can be treated as rigid body. For
example, door is a rigid body.
■ Centre of Mass of Some Symmetrical Regular Shaped Objects
■ When bodies are symmetrical in shape and have uniform densities then their centre of mass would lie on
their geometrical centres.
■ The position of centre of mass depends on following two factors:
– The geometrical shape of the body
– The distribution of mass in the body
■ BANKING OF ROAD
■ The tilting of the vehicle is achieved by raising the outer edge of the circular track, slightly above
the inner edge. This is known as banking of curved track.
■ CONDITION OF OVERTURNING
■ If speed is greater than limiting speed, then condition of overturning is occurred.
WORK, ENERGY and POWER
■ The meaning of work in physics is different from its meaning in common language. Actually, in
physics work has a meaning only when a displacement is caused in a body by the applied force on
it. If there is no displacement in a body by an applied force in the direction of force, no work is
said to be done.
■ WORK
■ Work is defined as the product of the force and displacement in the direction of applied force or
product of displacement and force in the direction of displacement.
■ W = Force × displacement in the direction of force
■ = F.S = FS cos θ where θ is the angle between F and S.
■ The SI unit of work is newton-metre is also called joule (J) 1 joule = 107 erg
■ Work done by a force applied at an angle
■ W = component of force in the direction of displacement × magnitude of displacement = F cos θ s
■ Work done by a force can be positive, negative or zero as the value of cos θ is positive,
negative or zero. (F and s, being magnitudes, are always positive)
■ Work is a scalar quantity but you can have positive and negative work.
■ Examples:
■ Zero work :
■ • A coolie with a luggage on his head, moving on a horizontal platform, does no work, since the
direction of force is vertically up and displacement horizontal i.e., angle q between them is 90°
(even though he might feel physically tired).
■ Positive work:
■ • When a horse pulls a cart, the applied force and the displacement are in the same direction. So,
work done by the horse is positive.
■ Negative work:
■ • When brakes are applied to a moving vehicle, the work done by the braking force is negative.
This is because the braking force and the displacement act in opposite directions.
■ ENERGY
■ Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. The SI unit of energy is the joule (J) same as that of
work. The commonly used unit for electrical-energy consumption is the
■ kilowatt-hour (kWh).
■ Thus, 1kWh = 1kW × 1 hour
■ = (1000 W) × (3600 s)
■ = (1000 J/s) × (3600 s)
■ = (3600000 joules) = 3.6 × 106J.
■ For electrical-energy consumption in houses, factories, shops, etc., kilowatt-hour is simply called
'unit' (Board of trade unit B.O.T.U.).
■ Kinetic Energy (K.E.)
■ Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its state of motion is called kinetic energy. Kinetic
energy is always positive and is a scalar
■ Potential Energy (P.E.)
■ Potential energy is energy due to position. If a body is in a position such that if it were released it
would begin to move, it has potential energy.
■ P.E. = mgh
■ For example, energy of water in a water tank on the roof, energy of small spring in ball-pen, etc.
■ Gravitational potential energy
■ When an object is allowed to fall from higher level to a lower level it gains speed due to
gravitational pull, i.e. it gains kinetic energy.
■ The magnitude of its gravitational potential energy is equivalent to the amount of work done by the
weight of the body in causing the descent.
■ If a mass m is at a height h above a lower level, the P.E. possessed by the mass is mgh.
■ Since h is the height of an object above a specified level, an object below the specified level has
negative potential energy.
■ Work-Energy Theorem
■ According to the work-energy theorem, total work done on a system by forces equals to the change
in kinetic energy.
■ LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
■ According to this law, energy can only be converted from one form to another, it can neither be
created nor destroyed. The total energy before and after the transformation always remains the
same.
■ Transformation of Energy
■ The conversion of one form of energy to the other form is termed as transformation of energy.
The phenomenon in which energy is transformed from useful from to useless form is known as
dissipation of energy.
■ Mass-Energy equivalence Relation
■ According to this relation mass (m) and energy (E) are interconvertible
■ E = mc2
■ Where, c = 3 × 108 ms–1 is the velocity of light in vaccum or air.
■ POWER
■ The time rate of doing work is defined as power (P). If equal works are done in different times, power will
be different. More quickly work is done, power will be more.
■ Power (P) = Work (W) / Time (t) The S.I. unit of power is the joule per second and is called the
■ watt (W). 1 H.P (Horse power) = 746 W

■ COLLISIONS
■ Collision is an event in which two or more than two bodies interact with one another for a short time and
exchange momentum and kinetic energy. Collisions are of two types :
■ • Elastic collision • Inelastic collision
■ Elastic Collision
■ A collision in which there is no loss of kinetic energy is called elastic or perfectly elastic collision. The basic
characteristics of perfectly elastic collision are
– linear momentum is conserved
– kinetic energy is conserved
– total energy is conserved
– coefficient of restitution is unity (e = 1)
■ Inelastic Collision
■ In an inelastic collision kinetic energy is lost during collision.
■ The basic characteristic of an inelastic collision are :
– linear momentum is conserved
– kinetic energy is not conserved
– total energy is conserved
– coefficient of restitution is 0 < e < 1
■ In case of perfectly inelastic collision the two bodies get stuck together and move with common
velocity, that is why for perfectly inelastic collision.
■ ROTATIONAL MOTION
■ A rigid body performs a pure rotational motion, if each particle of the body moves in a circle, and
the centre of all the circles lie on a straight line, called the axis of rotation. Examples : Motion of
a ceiling fan, motion of a potter's wheel, etc.
■ Angular Displacement (Δθ)
■ The change in position of a particle moving in a circular path with respect to the center is known
as it’s angular displacement. Its SI unit is radian.
■ Angular Velocity (ω)
■ The rate of change of angular displacement of a body.