Session 4:

Finding Answers through Data

Collection
SHS Mass Training of Teachers, Practical Research 2
Finding Answers through Data Collection
Standards and Competencies
Content Standards: The learner Learning Competencies
demonstrates understanding of: (1) The learner…
data collection procedures and skills
1. Collects data using appropriate
using varied instruments; (2) data
instruments
processing, organizing, and analysis.
2. Presents and interprets data in tabular
Performance Standards: The
and graphical forms
learner is able to gather and analyze
data with intellectual honesty, using 3. Use statistical techniques to analyze data
suitable techniques – study of differences and relationships
limited for bivariate analysis

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Download the document to use it as reference.
Chapter Content
Chapter IV
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
OF DATA

In reporting the results, the researcher stays close to the

statistical findings without drawing broader implications or
meaning from them. Further, this section includes summaries
of the data rather than the raw data (e.g., the actual scores for
individuals). A results section include tables, figures, and
detailed explanations about the statistical results
 Before writing this section,
 Rewrite Chapters 1-3 before or after data analysis
and before writing Chapter 4.
 Rewrite Chapters in past tense, wherever applicable,
and make corrections for actual data collection and
data analysis procedures.
Rewriting
Initial
Chapters
 1 Score the data (Coding)
2 Select a statistical program (e.g.
SPSS).
3 Input the data
4 Clean and account for missing
data.
Assigning a numeric
score to each response
Preparing category for each
question in the
Data for instrument used

Analysis
 1 Describe trends in the data to a single variable or
question on your instrument.
2 Compare two or more groups on the independent
variable in terms of the dependent variable.
Relate two or more variables.
3 Test hypothesis about the differences in the
4 groups or the relationships of variables.
How to Analyze
Quantitative
Data
 In writing this chapter,
 Label section headings based on research questions
and follow their sequence
 Determine parts of the data you collected that
focused on each of the variables. One subsection
should be devoted to presenting data relevant to
each variable. Use tables and graphs in presenting
statistical data.
 Put greater emphasis on significant results. Results
How to that are sidelights should not receive equal weight.

State
Results
  Do not state any differences were present between
groups unless a significant p-value is attached.
 Do not comment on results.
 Select statistics and place them in the most
reasonable order
 Include
• tables, graphs, figures for quantitative study
• statistical results of hypotheses tested
• possible explanations of unexpected results
How to • Implications of results to existing situation

State
Results
 Quantitative data are organized & summarized in tables
and figures.
Information shown in tables and figures is elaborated in
the text.
Present results of hypothesis test in tables using
statistical format, e.g., t value and level of significance
(p-value).

Tables and
Figures
 Distribution of Grade 4 Students’
Level of Reading Skill

To compare 9
14
proportions and
relative amounts (How
big?), use a pie chart, a
horizontal bar chart, or
a table

Choosing
27

Frustration Instructional Independent

Graph
Types
 Distribution of Learners by Reading Level over the course of the Interven-
tion Program

27
26
25 25

19

16
14
13
12

9
8
6

Choosing Start of the Program Week 1 Week 2 Week 3

Graph
Frustration Instructional Independent

Types To show trends (How do things change over time?), use a

column chart or line graph
 Grade 4 Learners’ Reading Test Scores and Hours
Spent on Reading per Week
14

Hours Spent on Reading per Week

12

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Choosing Reading Test Score

Graph To show correlations (how well does one thing predict

Types another?), use a scatterplot or multiplot chart.
 Enrich and support quantitative analysis with
qualitative data analysis using selected
quotes/utterances & observed behavior of
subjects.

Results of
Hypothesis
Testing
 Compare results of present study with related
studies, as follows:
This result
is consistent with or similar to that of… (related
study)
Results of
contradicts/opposes that of… (related study)
Related
Studies
 Needed especially when results are not those
expected by researcher.
Cite all things that happened that may have
affected findings.
Look at limitations of the study, e.g., in
sampling, instrumentation, intervention, and
data collection.
Possible
Explanations
  Was the conduct of research not implemented as
planned? Were there deviations from planned
procedure?
 Was dosage or duration of experiment of
intervention sufficient?
 Was there a contamination of comparison group?
 Are there characteristics of sample that affected the
results?
 Were there issues with the instruments’ validity and
reliability? in test administration?
Possible
 Was there any instance of resistance of sample to
Explanations intervention?
 If some or all findings are different from
expected, have a section on re-conceptualized
framework at end of Chapter 4 and make
diagram of re-conceptualized framework.
Starting with text, cite figure (diagram) of re-
conceptualized framework. Explain changes vis-
à-vis Conceptual Framework of the Study.

Re-conceptualized
Framework
WORKSHOP, CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS OF DATA
Come up with a fabricated data for your research based on
your Statement of the Problem and write briefly this chapter