ELECTRIC

VEHICLES
:
Commutin
An
Alternate
g
Urban
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Why
1.Pollution:
EV?
According to DOE (USA)
• Transportation accounts for one third of all energy usage.
• Use of 10% of ZEV cuts 1 million tons/year of air pollutants

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•With 100% EV - CO2 emission would be cut by half
2.Capital Cost and Maintenance Cost:
• EV has a more capital cost
• But life cycle cost of EV is lesser than ICEV

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Why
EV?
3. Availability of Fuel
Fast depletion of fossil fuel and dependence
on middle east countries for fuel.

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4. Well to Wheel Efficiency

The EV is found to have a better WTW efficiency

than ICEV

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What is an
EV?
It is a vehicle which has following features
• Portable energy source
• Traction effort provided by electric motor

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Classification of Alternative
Vehicle
• Electric Vehicle
• Hybrid Electric Vehicle
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

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Components of an
•
EV
Battery
It powers the electric motor. Its capacity is defined in Ah.
The design of battery includes complex calculations

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which determines various battery parameters
• Power convertor
The electrical energy stored in battery is fixed DC
which should be converted to either variable DC or Variable AC
which depends on the type of electric motor used for power the
wheels

Chennai
• Electric Motor
DC series, Induction motors were used at the earlier
stage. Now the scope has shifted towards special electrical
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Components of an EV
Contd.,
•Clutch
The engine must be decoupled from the
wheels to shift from low speed to high speed gears
or vice versa, this is done by the clutch.

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• Transmission
The gearbox is also called as
transmission which allows transfer of power
from engine to wheels.

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• Drivetrain
The combination of Electric motor, Clutch,
Gearbox is referred to as drivetrain 7
 EV
Architecture of an

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Hybrid Electric Vehicle
• An Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) uses both a
conventional internal combustion engine and an
electric source.
• This mainly facilitates regenerative braking.

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Regenerative Braking
• A significant amount of energy is consumed by braking.
• Braking a 1500 kg vehicle from 100 km/h to zero speed
consumes about 0.16 kWh of energy.

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• This energy lost in brake shoes can be utilized to
charge
the battery.

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Classification of
HEVOn Architecture
1.Based
• Series
• Parallel

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• Series – Parallel
2.Degree Of Hybridization
• Mild
• Power
• Energy

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Degree of
Hybridization
It is the progression from mild to energy hybrids is
related to degree of downsizing the engine and
upsizing the electric motor.

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That is the traction power provided by the IC engine
is reduced and that of the electric motor is
increased by varying the capacity of the prime
movers respectively.

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Classification of HEV
contd.,
Charge Depleting:
The HEV which doesn’t have the onboard
electricity generation unit is called as charge
depleting HEV.

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Charge Sustaining:
The HEV which has onboard electricity generation
facility is called as charge sustaining HEV.

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 Series Hybrid Drivetrain

Architecture
HEV
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Series Hybrid Drivetrain
Contd.,
• IC engine and Battery operate in series
i. The IC engine is fueled by diesel or petrol
which acts as a prime mover to an on board
electric generator which generates electricity

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and charges the battery through a power
converter.
ii. The electric energy stored in the battery is
used to drive the electric motor which provides
the full propulsion power.

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Series Hybrid Drivetrain
Contd.,
• Advantage
Simplicity of control algorithms used to
control the power converters and hence
achieving speed control of electric motors

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• Disadvantage
Power train components has to be rated for
the full rating.

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 Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain

Contd.,
HEV Architecture
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Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain
contd.,
• IC engine and battery operate in parallel
i. Based on the rating of the IC engine and
battery, electric motor the propulsion power is
shared between the sources

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ii. The battery can be charged through wheels by
increasing the power output of the IC engine
by using the control algorithm for regenerative
braking

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Parallel Hybrid

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Drivetrain Contd.,

• Advantage
Reduction in size of drive train components
• Disadvantage

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Power blending from two sources becomes
difficult and it requires additional
mechanical equipment like planetary gear
arrangement.

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HEV Architecture
Contd.,
Series- Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain

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Series- Parallel Hybrid

6/6/2017
Drivetrain

• It combines both the architecture to extract

respective benefits
• A power splitter is used to feed a part of IC
engine power to drive the on board electric

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generator which is used to charge the battery
through a power converter when the SoC of the
battery is below the threshold value.

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• PHEVs are charge depleting HEV
• They operate in fully electric mode up to certain
distance and then as a regular hybrid vehicle
for longer distances.

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• It has a large rated storage system compared to
HEVs
• It has to be plugged in for recharging the
battery

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Plug In Hybrid Electric
Vehicle Contd.,
• They are designed for daily commute to work and
for longer distances the it is supplemented by
the IC engine.
• This type of PHEV is also called as range

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extender.
• Hence this has high potential to replace ICEV for
urban commuting.

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 •
•
stations
Plug and charge
Battery swapping
PHEV charging

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Plug and charge in
USA
Level 1 (residential)
• Uses a standard 120 VAC, 15 A
• Charging equipment is typically installed on

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the vehicle

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Contd.
Level 2 ,
• Preferred method for a battery electric vehicle
charger for both private and public facilities.

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• Uses 240-VAC, single-phase, 10-40-A branch
circuit.
• The conversion from AC to DC takes place on
board.

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 TESLA motors
Level 2 Charging station by
27

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Contd.
Level 3 (Fast Charging) ,
• For commercial and public applications.
• It uses an off board charge system serviced by a

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480-VAC, three-phase circuit.
• The conversion from AC to DC is done off
board.

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 motors
DC Fast charging by TESLA
29

Dept of Power Engg & Mgmt., Anna University

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Chennai
 India
Present scenario in
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Dept of Power Engg & Mgmt., Anna University

6/6/2017
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National Mission for
Electric Mobility (NMEM)
• Government of India approved the National
Mission on Electric Mobility in 2011.
• As part of the mission, Department of Heavy
Industries has formulated a scheme namely

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FAME – India
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid
& Electric Vehicles in India.

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NMEM
Contd.,
Phase-1
Proposed to be implemented in 2 year period of
2015-2017

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Focus on four Major Areas
• Technology Development
• Demand Creation
• Pilot Projects
• Charging Infrastructure

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National Electric Mobility
Mission Plan 2020
(NEMMP)
•Launched in January 2013 by the then Prime
Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh under the
Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public
Enterprises.

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• Aims at ensuring vehicle population of 6-7 million
electric/hybrid vehicles in India by the year 2020 .

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Current Status of
• NMEM
To promote eco-friendly vehicles, the government has been
offering incentives on electric and hybrid vehicles of up to
Rs.29,000 for bikes and Rs.1.38 lakh for cars under the FAME
India scheme.

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• In Budget 2017-18, Rs.175 crore has been earmarked for the
FAME India scheme.

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Current Status of
NMEM
On 23 February 2017 a meeting was scheduled by
rd

Govt., of India to discuss several factors including ,

i. Higher cost of vehicles

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ii. Power outages
iii. Lack of charging infrastructure
iv. Dearth of facilities for eco-friendly disposal
of batteries to curb pollution

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BHEL: Pivoting from Power
Sector to Transportation
• On 16th February 2017 BHEL signed an agreement
with Ashok Leyland Ltd and Tata Motors Ltd for
developing a propulsion system for buses.
• It is also seeking technical collaboration to

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manufacture metro rail locomotives and has
initiated separate talks with Hitachi
Transportation Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries and Škoda Transportation.

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Global leaders in terms of
total units sold
1. Renault – Nissan
2. Mitsubishi
3. General Motors

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4. Toyota
5. Tesla
6. Ford
7. BYD
BMW

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8.

9. The Geely Group

10. Volkswagen 37
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Indian Scenario
Company and model Range Cost

Electric Vehicle:
Mahindra e2o 120km/full charge Rs.4.79 lakh - Rs.5.34
lakh

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Mahindra e-Verito 110 km/full charge Rs.9.5 lakh – Rs.10
lakh

Hybrid Vehicle: All electric range

Toyota Prius 23 km/full charge Rs.38.1 lakh – Rs.41.87
lakh
Toyota Camry Hybrid 18km/full charge Rs.31.01 lakh -

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Rs.34.67
lakh
Mahindra Scorpio 15km/full charge Rs.9.97 lakh – Rs.14.24
Micro Hybrid lakh
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BMW i8 37km/full charge Rs.2.14 Cr
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Contd.
, OTORCYCLE
M

Brand And Range Max Speed Charging Cost

Model time

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LOHIA 60km 25 km/hr 6-8 hrs Rs.26000 –
Oma star Rs.35000
series
Heroelectr 70km 25km/hr 6-8 hrs Rs.38000-
ic Rs.55000
Optima
series
YO Bykes 55-60km 55km/hr 6hrs Rs.36000-

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Rs.50000
BSA 70km 25km/hr 6hrs Rs.25000-
motors Rs.36000
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Contd.
, LECTRIC BUS
E
Ashok Leyland
• It has a seating capacity for 31 passengers

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• It can travel for 120km on a single charge
• It costs Rs 1.50 crore to Rs 3.50 crore, which
depends on the batteries and seats.

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 bus
Ashok Leyland E-
41

Dept of Power Engg & Mgmt., Anna University

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References
1. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Design
Fundamentals 2nd edition by Iqbal Husain.
2. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel
Cell Vehicles by Mehrdad Ehsani et al.

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3. Energy World from Economic Times.
4. Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public
Enterprises, Govt., of India.
5. http://kseboa.org/news/bhel-looks-to-pivot-from-

power-sector-to-transportation-electric-

Chennai
vehicles- 17024527.html

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