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Cell Structure

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17 views

Cell Structure

Uploaded by

neen neen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell Structure

Indicators
a) Identifies that living things can be multi-cellular or unicellular.
b) Describes microscopic living things such as virus, bacteria and fungi.
c) Compares the structural differences among virus, bacteria and fungi.
d) Prepares cell slides and uses temporary staining techniques to examine
under a microscope.
e) States the function of the cell membrane in controlling the passage of
substances into and out of the cell.
f) Identifies from fresh preparations or on diagrams or photomicrographs,
the cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, sap vacuole, nucleus and
cytoplasm in an animal cell and a plant cell.
g) Calculates magnification of cells observed under microscope
• Cells vary in size and structure.
• Cells get specialised to perform different functions.
• But the basic components of the cell are common in all cell
What makes up an animal cell?
The four key components of most animal cells are:

Nucleus - this contains the genetic material (DNA) of the


organism and controls the cell’s activities.

Cytoplasm - the liquid that makes up most of the cell in which


chemical reactions happen. This is mainly water.

Cell membrane - a flexible outer layer that surrounds the cell


and controls which substances can pass into and out from it.

Mitochondria - tiny parts of cells floating in the cytoplasm


where energy is released from glucose from food. The
mitochondria, found in the cell cytoplasm, are where most
respiration
happens.
What makes up a plant cell?
• Plant cells often have a regular shape. They have
the same cell components as animal cells:a
nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and
mitochondria.

• They also have these extra three as well:

• Cell wall: a tough outer layer of the cell, which


contains cellulose to provide strength and support
to the plant.
• Vacuole: a space inside the cytoplasm that contains
a watery liquid called cell sap. It keeps the cell firm.
• Chloroplasts: structures found in the cells of green
parts of plants only (leaves and stems) which
contain a green pigment called chlorophyll in which
photosynthesis occurs.
Identifying Cell Structures and Function
• Within the cytoplasm, the following organelles are visible in almost all
cells except prokaryotes when looking at higher magnification (i.e.
using an electron microscope):
Drawing Cells

• To record the observations seen under the microscope (or from


photomicrographs taken) a labelled biological drawing is often made
• Biological drawings are line pictures which show specific features that
have been observed when the specimen was viewed
• There are a number of rules/conventions that are followed when
making a biological drawing
• The drawing must have a title
• The magnification under which the observations shown by the drawing are made must be recorded
• A sharp HB pencil should be used (and a good eraser!)
• Drawings should be on plain white paper
• Lines should be clear, single lines
• No shading
• The drawing should take up as much of the space on the page as possible
• Well-defined structures should be drawn
• The drawing should be made with proper proportions
• Label lines should not cross or have arrowheads and should connect directly to the part of the
drawing being labelled
• Label lines should be kept to one side of the drawing (in parallel to the top of the page) and drawn
with a ruler
• Drawings of cells are typically made when visualising cells at a higher magnification power, whereas
plan drawings are typically made of tissues viewed under lower magnifications (individual cells are
never drawn in a plan diagram)
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
• A unicellular organism is made
up of only one cell. A single cell
performs all the life functions
like taking in food, excretion of
waste, gaseous exchange and
locomotion.
Bacteria Cells
• Bacteria, which have a wide variety of shapes and sizes, all
share the following biological characteristics:
• They are microscopic single-celled organisms
• Possess a cell wall (made of peptidoglycan, not cellulose), cell
membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes
• Lack a nucleus but contain a circular chromosome of DNA that
floats in the cytoplasm
• Plasmids are sometimes present - these are small rings of
DNA (also floating in the cytoplasm) that contain extra genes
to those found in the chromosomal DNA
• They lack mitochondria, chloroplasts and other membrane-
bound organelles found in animal and plant cells
• Some bacteria also have a flagellum (singular) or several
flagella (plural). These are long, thin, whip-like tails attached
to bacteria that allow them to move
• Examples of bacteria include:
• Lactobacillus (a rod-shaped bacterium used in the production
of yoghurt from milk)
• Pneumococcus (a spherical bacterium that acts as the
pathogen causing pneumonia)
Virus

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