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RPH - Capter 2 - Sources of History

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RPH - Capter 2 - Sources of History

Uploaded by

BENJIE ANDRADA
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

College of Arts and Sciences


Social Science Department
AcademicYear 2024-2025

READINGS
IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
BENJIE T. ANDRADA, LPT
Professor
Chapter - II
HISTORICAL
SOURCES
HISTORICAL SOURCES

With the past as history’s subject matter, the historian’s


most important research tools are historical sources.
 Historical sources serves as the bridge towards historical
understanding about the past or the object of the study of the
past.
In general, historical sources can be classified as:
• Primary Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Tertiary Sources
TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES

Primary Sources
• are direct firsthand evidences regarding an object, person, or work of
art.
• are the raw materials of historical research
• are those sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or
subject being studied.
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
• Artifacts (coins, plant specimens, fossils, furniture, tools, clothing, all from the time
under study)
• Audio recordings (radio programs, oral histories)
• Records of organizations, government agencies (annual reports, treaty,
constitution, government document)
• Interviews, eyewitness accounts, results, experiments, statistical data
• Surveys, fieldworks, internet communications via email, blogs and newsgroups,
minutes of meetings.
• Video recordings (television programs)
TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES
Secondary Sources
• are those sources, which were produced by an author who used primary
sources to produce the material.
• analysis or restatement of primary sources. They often describe or
explain primary sources.
• Secondary sources are not evidence, but a commentary on and
discussion of evidence.
EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES

• Books (dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, etc.)


• Articles published in professional journal, magazines, newspapers,
and other publications
• Unpublished masters’ theses and dissertations, and other studies
• Manuscripts
• Websites
• Movie reviews
• All other secondhand sources
TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES
Tertiary Sources
• These are sources that index, abstract, organize, compile, or digest
other sources.

• Some reference materials and textbooks are considered tertiary sources

when their chief purpose is to list, summarize or simply repackage ideas

or other information.
• Tertiary sources are usually not credited to a particular author.
EXAMPLES OF TERTIARY SOURCES

• Dictionaries/encyclopedias (may also be secondary)


• almanacs,fact books
• Wikipedia
• bibliographies (may also be secondary)
• directories,guidebooks
• manuals, handbooks, and textbooks (may be secondary)
• indexing and abstracting sources.
Historical Source Data
Historical
Definition Advantages Disadvantages
Source

Primary Primary source give Primary sources directly Too close to the subject,
Sources firsthand, original, and address your topic and often lacking critical distance
unfiltered information provide information that is
unavailable elsewhere. Time consuming to prepare,
administer, and analyze
Historical Source Data
Historical
Definition Advantages Disadvantages
Source

Secondary Secondary Sources are one Secondary sources You may have to dig to find
Sources step removed from the topic provide a variety of expert applicable information
perspectives and insights
Historical Source Data
Historical
Definition Advantages Disadvantages
Source

Tertiary Tertiary sources provide third- Tertiary sources offer a quick, tertiary sources may
Sources hand information by reporting easy introduction to your topic oversimplify or otherwise distort
ides and details from secondary a topic
sources
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SOURCES
Primary Sources Secondary Sources

• created at the time of an event, or very soon after • created after event; sometimes a long time after
• created by someone who saw or heard an event something happened
themselves • often uses primary sources as examples
• often one-of-a-kind, or rare • expresses an opinion or an argument about a
• letters, diaries, photos and newspaper (can all be past event
primary sources) • history text books, historical movies and
biographies (can all be secondary sources)
HISTORICAL CRITICISMS
HISTORICAL CRITICISM

• a branch of history which looked at literature of evidence about economic and

political events going on at the time at which the works were produced, and that

also looked at historical events to explain the content of literary works.

• Historical criticism insisted that to understand a literary piece, we need to

understand the author’s biography and social background, ideas circulating at the

time.
HISTORICAL CRITICISM

Many documents have primary and secondary segments. For


instance, examining a newspaper as a historical source entails a
discerning mind to identify its primary and secondary components. A news
item written by a witness of an event is considered as a primary source,
while a feature article is usually considered as a secondary material.
Similarly, a book published a long time ago does not necessarily render it
as a primary source. It requires reading of the document to know its origin.
HISTORICAL CRITICISM

To ascertain the authenticity and reliability of primary sources to


be used in crafting a narrative, a historian needs to employ two levels of
historical criticism, namely:
 External Criticism
 Internal Criticism
EXTERNAL CRITICISM

External Criticism
• refers to the genuineness of the documents a researcher used in the
historical study.
• is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its
physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the
time when it was produced; and the materials used for the evidence.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM

Examples of the things that will be examined when conducting


external criticism of the document include:

• Quality of the paper


• Type of the ink
• Language and words used in the material
EXTERNAL CRITICISM

Questions that illustrate external criticism include:

• Who was the author?


• What was his/her qualifications, personality, and position?
• How soon after the events was document written?
• How was the document was written and is related to other
document?
INTERNAL CRITICISM
Internal Criticism
• is the examination of truthfulness of the evidence
• known to be textual criticism, it involves factor such as competence, good
faith, position, and bias of the author (Sanchez et.al.)
• deals with the credibility and reliability of the content of a given historical
source.
• It focuses on understanding the substances and message that the historical
material wants to convey by examining how the author framed the intent and
meaning of a composed material.
INTERNAL CRITICISM
It looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence
by looking at :

• Author of the source


• Context
• Agenda behind its creation
• The knowledge which informed it
• Intended purpose
INTERNAL CRITICISM EXAMPLE
Japanese reports and declarations during the period of the war should not
be taken as a historical fact hastily.
Internal criticism entails that the historian acknowledge and analyze how
such reports can be manipulated to be used as war propaganda.
Validating historical sources is important because the use of unverified,
falsified, and untruthful historical sources can lead to equally false conclusions.
Without thorough criticisms of historical evidences, historical deceptions
and lies will be highly probable.
THANK YOU !!!

Always remember... it’s the


hardest times
in life that teaches us the most
valuable
lessons, and forces us to realize
what’s really important.

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