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Dna Structure Lec-5

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7 views

Dna Structure Lec-5

Uploaded by

abdallaabdikarim560
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DNA STRUCTURE

D NA S TA ND S F O R . . .

D E O X Y RI B O N U CL E I C A C I D
Discovery of DNA
1950- Protein believed to be genetic material because
of the varying structures
1952- Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase performed
experiments with radioactively labeled viruses that
infect bacteria
1952-Rosalind Franklin Xray diffraction of DNA
1952-1953 Watson and Crick develop double helix
model of DNA
Discovery of DNA
• established by
James Watson
and Francis Crick

• Shape of a double
helix
DNA Structure
DNA consists of two molecules that are arranged
into a ladder-like structure called a Double Helix.

A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny


subunits called Nucleotides.

Each nucleotide consists of:


1. Phosphate group
2. Pentose sugar
3. Nitrogenous base
DNA Structure
What do we call the monomer that makes up DNA?

What two substances make up the DNA Backbone?

What are the names of the four bases that make up


DNA?
What is a nucleotide?

NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acids are polymers
Monomer---nucleotides
 Nitrogenous bases
 Purines
 Pyrimidines
 Sugar Nucleosides
 Ribose
 Deoxyribose

 Phosphates
 +nucleoside=nucleotide
The Sugars
The Bases

PYRIMIDINES

PURINES
Nucleotides
The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the
DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the “rungs”.

There are four types of nitrogenous bases.


Nucleotides

A T

Adenine Thymine

C G

Cytosine Guanine
Base-Pair Rule
Adenine <==> Thymine

Guanine <==> Cytosine


The sides of the DNA
ladder are phosphate
& sugar

held together by
hydrogen bonds
Nitrogen bases

Adenine and Guanine are PURINES. They have a TWO ring


structure.
Thymine and Cytosine are PYRIMIDINES. Which have a
ONE ring structure.
A TWO ring purine always pairs with a ONE ring pyrimidine.
These state that:
 A always pairs with T
 T always pairs with A
 C always pairs with G
 G always pairs with C
In RNA, adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U). We will look at
this in a later lesson.
Base-Pair Rule

One side: A T A T C A T G C G G G

Other side:
Nucleotides
How the Code Works

The combination of A,T,G,C determines what traits


you might have, for ex.

C A T C A T = purple hair

T A C T A C = yellow hair
Importance of nucleotide sequence

A cattail, a cat and a catfish are all different


organism composed of proteins with the same 4
nucleotides. The difference?
SEQUENCING
 A-T-T-G-A-C has different information than T-C-C-
A-A-A
SANTA and SATAN same letters different order.
EAT vs. ATE, RATS vs. STAR
Order matters!!!!!!
 Think of the bases of DNA like letters.

Letters form words....

Words form sentences....

*endless
combinations
Think of the bases of DNA like letters.

Letters form words....

Words form sentences....

*endless
combinations
DNA
Gene
Protein

Trait
FORMS OF DNA
Let's Review What We Know About DNA

1. DNA stands for: De _____ ribo ______ acid


2. What is the shape of DNA? _______________
3. Who established the structure of DNA? ____________
4. Adenine always pairs with _______________
5. The sides of the DNA ladder are deoxyribose and _____
6. Guanine always pairs with _____________
7. What is the complimentary sequence: A A T G C A
8. The two sides of DNA are held together by _______
bonds.
9. DNA is composed of repeating subunits called
______________________
10. What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA
ladder? _______________________________________

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