TROPICAL DISEASE

Unit: I
Topic: Introduction to Tropical and Communicable
Diseases
Semester: V
Subject: TROPICAL DISEASE
Presenter: faraz khan
Acknowledge: Muhammad Sajjad
 OBJECTIVES
 Introduction to Tropical and Communicable Diseases
 Define the role of a nurse and Disorders spread by droplet infections
 Tuberculosis
 Diphtheria
 Pertussis
 Measles
 Mumps
 TROPICAL DISEASE
Tropical disease:
 Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical

and subtropical regions.

 Insects such as mosquitoes and flies are by far the most common disease

carrier, or vector.

Communicable Disease:
 Is one that can transmitted from one person to another and is caused by

an infectious agent that is transmitted from a source or reservoir to a

susceptible host
 CONT…
•ANEPIDEMIC is a disease that affects a large number of people within a
community, population, or region.

•A PANDEMIC: is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or

continents.

•ENDEMIC: is something that belongs to a particular people or country.

•AN OUTBREAK is a greater-than-anticipated increase in the number of endemic

cases. It can also be a single case in a new area. If it’s not quickly controlled, an
outbreak can become an epidemic.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIAD
 CONT…
The natural history of disease is normally described under a triad of
factors such as:
 Agent

 Host

 Environment

The cause of any disease whether communicable or non communicable is

determined by the interaction among agent, host and environment
 AGENT
It is defined as substance, living or nonliving or a force, tangible or
nontangible, the excessive presence or relative lack of substances needed
to body, which are immediate, or delay cause of a disease are called agent.

All factors whose presence and absence causes diseases such as presence
of Salmonella causes typhoid and deficiency of vitamin C causes Scurvy.
 HOST
Any living being (human, animal or plant) susceptible to diseases.

FACTORS AFFECT SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HOST

 Age

 Heredity

 Environment

 Genetics

 Economical status

 Educational status
 ENVIRONMENT
 The sum total of all the conditions and elements that make up the
surrounding and influence the health, illness and development of an
individual.
 It serves the purpose of reservoir and mode of transmission for the
agents of disease.
 Classification of environment are physical, social, biological and
psychological.
 AIR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
 It occurs when microorganisms are suspended in the air and spread to

suitable port of entry.

 This type of transmission occurs primarily through droplet nuclei.

 Examples are Respiratory infections, Common Cold, Diphtheria,

Whooping cough, T.B

 VECTOR BORNE
It is defined as an arthropod or any living carrier that transports an
infectious agent to a susceptible individual.
Disease Cause by insects
MOSQUTIOES
LICE
BUGS
Disease Caused by Rodents and Stray dogs
 TUBERCULOSIS TB
 TB is an infectious disease
 Affecting the respiratory system, GI, Bones, brain, and lymph nodes

 It is transmitted by contaminated droplets

 It is caused by tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

 Incubation period for tubercle basicllus is 4 to 12 weeks

Sign & Symptom:

Persistent cough
Bloody sputum
Lymph node enlargement, fever and malaise
 CONT…
Diagnosis:

Positive skin test, Sputum culture

Chest X-rays, Mantoux test

Treatment:
TB will be treated with a combination of antibacterial medications
A period of six to 12 months. The most common treatment is isoniazid in
combination with three other drugs rifampin, pyrazinamide and
ethambutol.
 CONT…
Prevention is better than cure
TB vaccine, bacilli Calmette-guenn (BCG)
It is used in communities for prevention
 DIPHTHERIA
Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called
Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death
It is transmitted by direct contact with droplets from an infected person
The incubation period is 2 to 5 days
Symptoms:
it produce a membranous coating of the pharynx, nose and sometime
tracheobronchial tree
Cause extreme difficulty in breathing
 CONT…
Physical examination
Thick gray membrane covering the throat and tonsils
Along with the positive culture of diphtheria confirm the diagnosis
Treatment:
Antibiotics, such as penicillin or erythromycin, help kill bacteria in the body,
clearing up infections.
Diphtheria antitoxin to stop the toxin made by the bacteria from damaging the
body.
The toxin produce degeneration in peripheral nerves, heart muscle, and other
tissues
 CONT…
Prevention:
DTP vaccine prevents this disease
 PERTUSSIS
Pertussis is also known as whooping cough
Pertussis can cause violent and rapid coughing,
It is an acute respiratory infection
Caused by Bordetella pertussis
Incubation period is 6 to 10 days, but it can be long as 21 days
Transmitted by direct contact with respiratory droplets
 CONT…
Symptoms has two stages:
Catarrhal:
Inflammation of mucus membranes of head and mouth with increase mucus flow.
Cough, runny nose, and low-grade fever
Paroxysmal:
Violent whooping cough, cyanosis, destined neck vein and some time vomiting

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made on the basis of symptoms
Testing is available
 CONT…
Treatment
Pertussis is treated with antibiotic and supportive therapy
Pneumonia is the most common complication of pertussis
Life threatening
Prevention:
Children should be immunized to prevent pertussis
Children should be vaccinated DTP
 MEASLES
Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease
It is also known as rubeola
It is an acute viral disease commonly spread by contaminated airborne
droplets
Incubation period is 7 to 14 days

Symptoms include
Fever, inflammation of respiratory mucus membranes, runny nose,
Generalized, dusky red maculopapular rash over the body trunk and
extremities
Unique spot called kolpik’s spots
Diagnose
CONT…
Koplik’s spot are unique to confirm diagnose.
Treatment:
CONT…
Treatment is based upon symptomatic
Prevention of such complication like dehydration, pneumonia, fever
One episode of the disease provide lifetime immunity
Prevention:
This illness is effectively prevented with measles immunization
Immunization often given in a combination called measles, mumps, and
rubella (MMR)
 MUMPS
Mumps is an infection affecting the parotid glands
Mumps is a contagious viral infection
Spread through airborne droplet, cough, sneezes or by sharing utensils.
Incubation period is 16 to 18 days
Symptoms:

Chills, fever ear pain and swelling parotid gland

Diagnose:

Blood test showing the presence of mumps antibodies

 CONT…
Treatment based upon symptoms
Relieving symptoms through medication
Complication include orchitis and nerve conduction deafness
 NURSING ROLE
Primary Prevention:
Delivery of childhood immunizations
Monitor and check immunization records in schools, day care facilities and home
settings

Secondary Prevention:
appropriate treatment with prophylaxis
post exposure immunization (rabies, tetanus)
health education
protect others in community

Tertiary Prevention
Limits the progression of disability of symptoms
Rehabilitation