CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An UGC Autonomous Institute, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade) Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

Technical Seminar on

Smart feature extraction and classification

of hyperspectral images based on

Submitted by Head Of the Department - Dr. A.Vani Vathsala

M.VSP Praneeth
(HOD &
21B81A05X5 Professor,CSE Dept)
Section Coordinator - Dr.
M Swami Das
 Abstract
This seminar explores advancements and challenges in hyperspectral image
classification, a crucial field in remote sensing and analysis. Covering fundamental
principles, spectral signature analysis, machine learning algorithms, and spatial-
spectral fusion, the presentation discusses state-of-the-art techniques. Despite progress,
challenges like high dimensionality and limited labeled datasets persist. Case studies
highlight practical applications in agriculture, urban planning, and environmental
monitoring. The abstract highlights the significance of hyperspectral classification,
inviting further exploration of its potential in diverse domains.
Introduction Hyperspectral images encompasses
domains namely :
• Image Processing
Hyperspectral image processing can be • Machine Learning
considered as an extension of image • Deep Learning
processing which has its applications in • Cloud Computing etc.
domains such as :
1. Remote Sensing
2. Minerology and Geology
3. Environmental Monitoring
4. Disaster Response and Management
5. Climate Studies
6. Military and Defence etc.
Hyperspectral Vs RGB Image

Hyperspectral imaging is a technique that captures

and processes information from across the RGB image

electromagnetic spectrum. Unlike traditional images

that capture three bands (red, green, and blue),
hyperspectral images capture information in many
bands across the spectrum, providing a more detailed
and comprehensive view of the scene.

Hyperspectral image
General Overview of Hyperspectral Image Classification
 Related Work

Hyperspectral image classification is an active research area, and

numerous studies have been conducted to develop and improve
classification techniques. Below are some notable works and trends in
hyperspectral image classification:
• SVM-Based Classification
• Deep Learning Approaches
• Ensemble Methods
• Feature Selection and Extraction
• Spatial-Spectral Fusion
• Transfer Learning
• Graph-Based Approaches
• Active Learning
• Domain Adaptation
• Real-World Applications
 Related Work Description

SVM-Based Classification SVMs can handle high dimensionalities, hence researches have explored different variants of SVMs
and optimization techniques to improve accuracy.

Feature Selection and Extraction These images have n number of feature some of which are relevant and some aren’t. Hence there is a
need to develop appropriate techniques to select and extract relevant features.

Ensemble Methods Hyperspectral images contain variety of data. Hence work has been done to employ ensemble methods
such as random forests , Adaboost etc to improve the robustness and generalization performance of
hyperspectral classifiers.

Deep Learning Approaches Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and other deep learning architectures leverage the
hierarchical feature learning capabilities of deep neural networks to automatically learn discriminative
features from hyperspectral data.

Spatial-Spectral Fusion To improve classification accuracy researches employ fusing hyperspectral data with high-resolution
spatial data (multispectral or panchromatic) to capture both spectral and spatial characteristics of the
scene.

Graph-Based Approaches Graph-based methods, such as Graph Cuts and Markov Random Fields, have been explored for
hyperspectral image classification.
 Challenges
• High-Dimensional Data
• Limited Labelled Training Data
• Spectral Variability
• Noise and Atmospheric Effects
• Data Misalignment
• Computational Complexity
• Class Imbalance
• Dimensionality Reduction
• Spatial-Spectral Trade-off
• Overfitting
• Transferability
• Real-Time Processing
Methodology

Architecture
Methodology
The architecture for hyperspectral image classification involves a series of steps from preprocessing the data to training a classifier.
Data Acquisition:
• Hyperspectral Sensor: Capture hyperspectral images using sensors that record information across numerous spectral bands.
• Spatial Data (Optional): Obtain high-resolution spatial data, such as multispectral or panchromatic imagery, for spatial- spectral
fusion.

Image Preprocessing:
• Calibration: Correct for sensor-specific biases and distortions.
• Atmospheric Correction: Compensate for atmospheric effects to improve data accuracy.
• Noise Reduction: Apply filters or algorithms to reduce noise in the hyperspectral data.

Spatial-Spectral Fusion :
•Combine Hyperspectral and Spatial Data: If available, fuse hyperspectral and spatial data to leverage both spectral and spatial
information for improved classification accuracy.
Dimensionality Reduction:
• Techniques: Apply dimensionality reduction techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant
Analysis (LDA), or t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) to reduce the computational load and enhance
relevant feature extraction.

Training Data Preparation:

• Sample Selection: Choose representative samples for each class in the dataset.
• Feature Extraction: Extract relevant features from the hyperspectral data, considering the reduced dimensionality.

Classifier Selection:
• Machine Learning Model: Choose a suitable classifier, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest, Neural
Networks, or other classification algorithms based on the characteristics of the data and the problem at hand.

Training the Classifier:

• Supervised Learning: Train the chosen classifier using the prepared training data.
• Validation: Use a separate validation dataset to tune hyperparameters and assess model performance.
Testing and Evaluation:
• Test Data: Use a separate testing dataset to evaluate the classifier's performance on unseen data.
• Metrics: Evaluate the model using classification metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and confusion matrix.

Post-Processing (Optional):
• Smoothing: Apply post-processing techniques, such as spatial smoothing, to enhance the quality of the classification results.

Results Visualization:
• Visualize Classification Results: Generate visual representations, such as classified maps, to interpret and communicate the
results effectively.

Optimization and Fine-Tuning :

• Hyperparameter Tuning: Optimize the hyperparameters of the classifier for better performance.
• Model Fine-Tuning: Refine the model based on insights gained from the initial evaluation.
Applications
Future Scope

• The future scope of hyperspectral image classification is poised for significant advancements driven by the
evolution of advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques.
• Continued research in deep learning is expected to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of classification models.

• Integration with emerging technologies such as LiDAR, edge computing, and multimodal data fusion will
expand the applications of hyperspectral imaging, enabling more comprehensive and real-time analyses.
• The customization of hyperspectral image classification models for specific industries and applications will lead
to tailored solutions, addressing the unique challenges and requirements of each domain.
• Moreover, the integration of hyperspectral image classification in autonomous systems, coupled with improved
real-time processing, holds promise for applications like precision agriculture, environmental monitoring, and
autonomous vehicles.
 Conclusion
In conclusion, hyperspectral image classification is a pivotal technology poised for
transformative growth. Advances in machine learning algorithms, integration with
emerging technologies, and customized solutions for diverse industries contribute
to its expanding scope. The emphasis on interpretability and ethical considerations
ensures responsible deployment. With real-time applications and autonomous
systems on the horizon, hyperspectral image classification continues to be a key
player in data-driven decision-making across various domains. The future holds
promise for this technology as it addresses evolving challenges and unlocks new
opportunities for comprehensive and dynamic analyses.
References

[1] Wenjing Lv and Xiaofei Wan, Overview of Hyperspectral Image Classification, July 2020.

[2] Wei Hu, Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification, July
2015.

[3] Shiqi Yu , Sen Jia and Chunyan Xu, Convolutional neural networks for hyperspectral image
classification, January 2017.

[4] Sen Jia and Shuguo Jiang, A survey: Deep learning for hyperspectral image classification with
few labeled samples, August 2021.
Thank you!
M.VSP Praneeth
21B81A05X5