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2-Introduction and Approaches - Experimental and Computational Cognitive Science

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8 views

2-Introduction and Approaches - Experimental and Computational Cognitive Science

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radadiaaryan
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Module I: Cognitive Psychology

Introduction- Experimental and Computational


Cognitive Science
Made by
Dr. Mohd Owais Khan
Assistant Professor Senior Grade-I
School of Social Sciences and Languages
Vellore Institute of Technology
Cognitive Psychology
The term cognitive psychology was introduced by
Ulric Neisser in 1967, and he defined it as the
study of the processes behind the perception,
transformation, storage, and recovery of
information.
Ulric Richard Gustav Neisser (1928-2012). He is
Known as the father of cognitive psychology.
He was particularly interested in memory and
perception.
Cognitive psychology is the scientific investigation
of human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities –
perceiving,
Learning
Remembering
Thinking
Reasoning
understanding
The term “cognition” stems from the Latin word
“ cognoscere” which means "to know".
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study
of the mind.
It concerns the way we take in information
from the outside world, how we make sense
of that information.
Cognitive psychologists try to build up
cognitive models of the information
processing that goes on inside people’s
minds, including perception, attention,
language, memory, thinking, and
consciousness.
Sensory inputs
Assumptions of cognitive psychology
Psychology should be studied scientifically.
Information received from our senses is
processed by the brain, and this processing directs
how we behave.
The mind/brain processes information like a
computer. We take information in, and then it is
subjected to mental processes. There is input,
processing, and then output.
Mediational processes (e.g., thinking, memory)
occur between stimulus and response.
The behaviorists approach only studies external
observable (stimulus and response) behavior that
can be objectively measured.
However, cognitive psychologists regard it as
essential to look at the mental processes of an
organism and how these influence behavior.
Instead of the simple stimulus-response
links proposed by behaviorism, the
mediational processes of the organism are
essential to understand.
Without this understanding, psychologists
cannot have a complete understanding of
behavior.
The mediational (i.e., mental) event could
be memory, perception, attention or
problem-solving, etc.
The cognitive approach believes that internal
mental behavior can be scientifically studied using
controlled experiments.
 They use the results of their investigations as the
basis for making inferences about mental
processes.
Cognitive psychology uses laboratory experiments
that are highly controlled so they avoid the
influence of extraneous variables.
This allows the researcher to establish a causal
relationship between the independent and
dependent variables.
Approaches to cognitive psychology
Experimental cognitive psychology
This approach involves conducting tightly controlled
experiments under laboratory conditions on healthy
individuals.
Experimental cognitive psychology treats cognitive
psychology as one of the natural sciences and applies
experimental methods to investigate human cognition.
Psychophysical responses(behavioral responses to
physical changes in sensory stimuli.), reaction time,
and eye tracking are often measured in experimental
cognitive psychology.
Experimental cognitive psychologists typically
obtain measures of the speed and accuracy of task
performance. They want to use such behavioral
measures to draw inferences about the internal
processes involved in human cognition.
An important phenomenon in cognitive
psychology is the Stroop effect. Participants name
the colors in which words or letter strings appear.
Performance is fast and accurate when words
congruent with the colors (e.g., BLUE printed in
blue; RED printed in red. However, participants
are much slower when words incongruent with the
colors (e.g., BLUE printed in red)
Stroop Test
Computational cognitive psychology
Computational cognitive psychology develops formal
mathematical and computational models of human
cognition. It is also known as Computational Psychology.
A user interface (UI) is the space where interactions
between humans and machines occur. The goal of this
interaction is to allow effective operation and control of
the machine from the human end, while the machine
simultaneously feeds back information that aids the
operators' decision-making process.
An interface is a device or a system that unrelated entities
use to interact.
The application of computational principles to
understanding human behavior covers a broad range of
topics and approaches. A prime example of this is
simulation modeling, i.e., the development of
computer programs that simulate human behavior.
Neuromorphic computing refers to a form of
processing that mirrors the structure and functionality
of the human brain.
Application of neural networking includes:
Speech to text transcription
Handwriting recognition
Facial recognition
Weather prediction

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