Recap lecture 10

 Definition of GTG, examples of GTG accepting

the languages of strings:containing aa or bb,
beginning with and ending in same letters,
beginning with and ending in different letters,
containing aaa or bbb,
 Nondeterminism, Kleene’s theorem (part I, part
II, part III), proof of Kleene’s theorem part I

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Kleene’s Theorem continued …

Proof(Kleene’s Theorem Part II)

To prove part II of the theorem, an algorithm
consisting of different steps, is explained
showing how a RE can be obtained
corresponding to the given TG. For this purpose
the notion of TG is changed to that of GTG i.e.
the labels of transitions are corresponding REs.

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 Kleene’s Theorem part II
continued …

Basically this algorithm converts the given TG to

GTG with one initial state along with a single
loop, or one initial state connected with one final
state by a single transition edge. The label of the
loop or the transition edge will be the required
RE.
Step 1 If a TG has more than one start states,
then introduce a new start state connecting the
new state to the old start states by the
transitions labeled by Λ and make the old start
states the non-start states. This step can be
shown by the following example
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Example

b
b

1- 3+
aa
a
a

2- 4+
bb

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Example Continued ...

b
b

1 3+
Λ aa
- a
Λ a
2 4+
bb

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 Kleene’s Theorem part II
continued …

Step 2:
If a TG has more than one final states, then
introduce a new final state, connecting the old
final states to the new final state by the
transitions labeled by Λ.
This step can be shown by the previous
example of TG, where the step 1 has already
been processed

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 Example

b
b

1 3+
Λ aa
- a
Λ a
2 4+
bb

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Example continued …

b
b

1 3
Λ aa Λ
- a +
Λ a Λ
2 4
bb

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 Kleene’s Theorem part II
continued …

Step 3:
If a state has two (more than one) incoming
transition edges labeled by the corresponding
REs, from the same state (including the
possibility of loops at a state), then replace all
these transition edges with a single transition
edge labeled by the sum of corresponding REs.
This step can be shown by a part of TG in the
following example

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 Example

r3
r1

…. 4 5 ….
r2
r4

The above TG can be reduced to

r3+r4

r1+r2
…. 4 5 ….
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 Note
 The step 3 can be generalized to any finite
number of transitions as shown below
r1
r2

…. 5 ….

….
rn
The above TG can be reduced to
r1+r2 + … +rn

…. 5 ….
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 Kleene’s Theorem part II
continued …

Step 4 (bypass and state elimination)

If three states in a TG, are connected in
sequence then eliminate the middle state and
connect the first state with the third by a single
transition (include the possibility of circuit as
well) labeled by the RE which is the
concatenation of corresponding two REs in the
existing sequence. This step can be shown by a
part of TG in the following example

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 Example

r3

r2 r4
…. 4 5 6 ….

To eliminate state 5 the above can be reduced to

r2r3*r4
…. 4 6 ….

Consider the following example containing a circuit

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 Example

Consider the part of a TG, containing a circuit at

a state, as shown below
r2 r3
r1 ….
…. 2 3 4
r4

To eliminate state 3 the above TG can be

reduced to r r *r4 2 3

r1r2*r3
…. 2 4 ….
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 Example

Consider a part of the following TG

r2
r1 r3 r7 r9
r5
…. 2 3 4 ….
r4 r8
r6

To eliminate state 3 the above TG can be

reduced to

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Example continued ...

r1 +r3 r5* r4 * r9 + r8r5*r7

r2 +r r r
3 5 7

…. ….
2 4
r6 + r8r5*r4

To eliminate state 4 the above TG can be

reduced to

(r1 +r3 r5* r4 )+(r2 +r3 r5* r7 )(r9 +r8 r5* r7 )*(r6 +r8 r5* r4 )

…. ….
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 Note

 It is to be noted that to determine the RE

corresponding to a certain TG, four steps have
been discussed. This process can be explained
by the following particular examples of TGs

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 Example

 Consider the following TG

aa,b
2+
aaa
ab,ba
- 1
bba
3+

To have single final state, the above TG can be

reduced to the following

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 Example continued …

aa+b
2
aaa Λ
ab+ba
- 1
4+
bba Λ
3

To eliminate states 2 and 3, the above TG can be

reduced to the following aa+b

ab+ba aaa Λ+bbaΛ

- 1 4+

The above TG can be reduced to the following

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Example continued …

To eliminate state 1 the above TG can be

reduced to the following

- (ab+ba)(aa+b)*(aaa+bba)
+

Hence the required RE is (ab+ba)

(aa+b)*(aaa+bba)

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 Summing Up

 proof of Kleene’s theorem part II (method with

different steps), particular examples of TGs to
determine corresponding Res.

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