MODERN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SUBJECT: HEAT TRANSFER(PC-ME 501)

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO THREE MODE OF HEAT TRANSFER

NAME :ANIRBAN BARUI

DEPEARTMENT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
YEAR : 3rd SEMESTER: 5th

ROLL NO.:- 26900723009 REGISTRATION NO:232690120241

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank subject teacher a lot for his help during the work on this assignment. I also have to
thank the faculty and staff of Modern Institute Of Engineering & Technology for their support and information.

First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my classmates and friends for their support as
well as suggestions. Finally, there is so much to be thankful for that my family has given me their support – never
faltered.

Thank you all.

 Content

• What is heat transfer

• Conduction
• Fourier’s law of Conduction
• Factors effecting Conduction
• Application of conduction
• Convection
• Factors effecting Convection
• Application of Convection
• Radiation
• Factors effecting Convection
• Application of Convection
• Stefan’s law of radiation
• Distinguish between Conduction, Convection & Radiation
• Challenges of Heat Transfer
• Future of heat transfer
• Conclusion
• References
 What is Heat Transfer

According to thermodynamic systems,

heat transfer is defined as
“The movement of heat across the border
of the system due to a difference in
temperature between the system and its
surroundings.”
 Modes Of Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer

Conduction

Convection

Readiation
CONDUCTION

 Conduction of Heat is a process where

heat is transferred from the hotter part of
the body to the colder part without
involving any actual movement of the
body molecules.
 Here, the heat transfer occurs from one to
another molecule as a result of the
molecules' vibratory motion.
 Transfer of heat happens through the
process of conduction occurring in
substances which are in direct contact
with each other.
 Generally, it takes place in solids.
 Fourier’s law of Conduction

Fourier’s law states that the negative

gradient of temperature and the time rate of
heat transfer is proportional to the area at
right angles of that gradient through which
the heat flows. Fourier’s law is the other
name of the law of heat conduction.
 Fourier’s law of Conduction

 Fourier’s law differential form

 The integral form of Fourier's Law
∆
Q=-k T
temperature gradient in K.m-1
Where,
• q is the local heat flux density in W.m2 Where,
• k is the conductivity of the material in W.m-1.K-1 • 𝜕𝑄/𝜕𝑡is the amount of heat transferred per unit time
• ▽T is the • dS is the surface area element

The differential form of the same equation, which serves as

the basis of heat equation derivation, is:
 The one-dimensional form

In this equation:
• A represents the area of the cross-sectional surface
• ΔT is the temperature difference between the endpoints
• Δx is the distance between two ends
 Fourier’s law of Conduction

 Fourier’s law in terms of conductance

Where,
• U is the conductance
 Factor Affecting Conduction

Temperature Thermal Conductivity

The greater the difference in temperature Materials with high thermal conductivity, like
between the two regions, the higher the rate of metals, transfer heat more efficiently than
heat transfer. materials with low thermal conductivity, like
wood or plastic.

Cross Sectional Area Thickness of the Material

A larger cross-sectional area allows more heat Thicker materials reduce the rate of heat transfer
to be transferred. because heat must travel a longer distance.
 Application of Conduction

Cooking Utensils: Heat Sinks:

Pots, pans, and other cookware are typically made of Used in electronic devices, heat sinks made of conductive
metals like aluminum or stainless steel, which conduct materials like aluminum dissipate heat away from
heat efficiently from the stove to the food. components such as CPUs, GPUs, and power transistors to
prevent overheating.

Thermal Insulation: Radiators:

Insulating materials with low thermal conductivity, like In heating systems, radiators made of conductive metals
fiberglass or foam, are used in building construction to transfer heat from hot water or steam to the air in a room,
prevent heat loss or gain, maintaining comfortable indoor warming it up.
temperatures.

Refrigeration:
Industrial Furnaces::
Heat is conducted through the walls of industrial furnaces to Conductive materials are used in the walls and shelving of
melt metals or perform heat treatments on materials refrigerators and freezers to efficiently transfer heat away
from stored food.
CONVECTION

• Convection is the transfer of heat through the

moment of fluids
(liquids or gases).
• It can be classified into natural convection,
driven by bouncy forces, and forced
convection, where an external forces like a
pump or fan moves the fluid.
 CONVECTION

Convection Equation

Where,
• Q is the heat transferred per unit time
• hc is the coefficient of convective heat transfer
• A is the area of heat transfer
• Ts is the surface temperature

• Tf is the fluid temperature

 Factor Affecting Convection

Fluid Properties:
Surface Area: Flow Characteristics:
• Viscosity: Lower viscosity fluids flow more
easily, enhancing heat transfer. • Larger surface areas in contact with • Flow Velocity: Higher flow velocities
• Density: Density affects buoyancy-driven the fluid increase heat transfer. increase the rate of convective heat
convection currents. transfer.
• Thermal Conductivity: Fluids with higher • Flow Regime: Turbulent flow enhances
thermal conductivity transfer heat more mixing and heat transfer compared to
efficiently. laminar flow
• Specific Heat: Fluids with higher specific
heat can carry more thermal energy.

Temperature Difference: Orientation and Shape of Surface:

• Greater temperature differences between • The shape and orientation of the surface
the fluid and the surface increase the rate can affect the flow pattern of the fluid and,
of heat transfer. consequently, the heat transfer.
 Application of Convection

Heating and Cooling Systems: Natural Convection in Nature:

• Home Heating: Radiators and convectors in home • Weather Patterns: Convection currents in the
heating systems transfer heat from hot water or steam atmosphere drive weather patterns, including wind,
to the air, warming rooms through natural or forced storms, and cloud formation.
convection. • Ocean Currents: Ocean currents are driven by
• Air Conditioning: Air conditioners use convection to convection, distributing heat and affecting climate.
remove heat from indoor air, cooling the space

Industrial Processes:
• Furnaces and Kilns: Forced convection in industrial Electronics Cooling:
furnaces and kilns ensures uniform temperature
distribution, which is crucial for processes like metal • Cooling Fans: Fans in computers and other electronic
forging and ceramics production. devices enhance convective heat transfer, cooling
• Heat Exchangers: In many industrial settings, heat components like CPUs and GPUs
exchangers transfer heat between fluids through
convective processes, such as in power plants and
chemical processing.
 Application of Convection

Refrigeration: Geothermal Heating:

• Refrigerators and Freezers: Convection currents within • Geothermal Systems: Convection currents within the
the compartments help maintain even temperatures Earth's crust transfer heat to the surface, which can be
and preserve food harnessed for heating buildings and generating
electricity

Ventilation Systems: Cooking:

• Building Ventilation: HVAC systems use convection to
• Ovens: Convection ovens use fans to circulate hot air
circulate air, improving indoor air quality and temperature
control in buildings around food, ensuring even cooking and browning
• Boiling and Frying: When boiling water or frying food,
convection currents distribute heat evenly, cooking
the food more uniformly.
 RADIATION

• Radiation is the transfer of heat in the form of

electromagnetic waves.
• Unlike conduction and convection, it does not
require a medium to transfer energy.
• All objects emit thermal radiation depending
on their temperature
 RADIATION

Radiation Equation

• Where,
• P is the net power of radiation
• A is the area of radiation
• Tr is the radiator temperature
• Tc is the surrounding temperature
• e is emissivity and σ is Stefan’s
constant (σ = 5.67 × 10-8Wm-2K-4
 Factor Affecting Radiation

Surface Properties: Surface Area and Geometry:

Temperature:
• Emissivity (ε): Emissivity is a • Surface Area: Larger surface areas radiate
• Temperature Difference: The rate of measure of a material's ability to more heat. The greater the area exposed to
radiative heat transfer increases with the emit thermal radiation. Materials the surrounding environment, the higher the
temperature difference between the with high emissivity (like black radiative heat transfer.
radiating body and its surroundings. paint) are more efficient at radiating • Shape and Orientation: The geometry of the
According to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, the heat compared to materials with radiating surface can affect how radiation is
radiant energy emitted by a surface is low emissivity (like polished metals). emitted and absorbed. For example, concave
proportional to the fourth power of its • Reflectivity: Reflective surfaces emit surfaces can focus radiation, while flat
absolute temperature. less radiation. Materials with high surfaces emit radiation more uniformly.
• Absolute Temperature: Higher reflectivity are poor radiators of
temperatures significantly increase the rate heat.
of radiation since the energy emitted is • Absorptivity: Surfaces that absorb
proportional to the fourth power of the more radiation will also tend to emit
absolute temperature. more radiation. Dark, matte surfaces
have higher absorptivity compared
to light, shiny surfaces
 Factor Affecting Radiation

Medium Between Surfaces Environmental Factors:

Wavelength and Frequency:
• Transparency and Absorption: The • Ambient Temperature: The surrounding
• Wavelength Dependency: The wavelength medium between the radiating temperature affects the net radiative heat
of the emitted radiation depends on the surface and the receiver can affect transfer. If the surroundings are at a higher
temperature of the radiating body. Hotter radiation transfer. For example, clear temperature, the net radiation loss from the
objects emit radiation at shorter air transmits most radiation, while object decreases.
wavelengths (e.g., visible light), while cooler water vapor, carbon dioxide, and • Presence of Other Radiative Sources: Other
objects emit at longer wavelengths (e.g., other gases can absorb and re-emit sources of radiation in the environment can
infrared). radiation, affecting the heat transfer add to the heat received by an object,
• Spectral Characteristics: Different materials process. affecting the net radiative heat transfer.
emit and absorb radiation more effectively • Distance: While radiation does not
at specific wavelengths. The spectral require a medium, the distance
emissivity varies with wavelength, affecting between radiating bodies can
the overall radiative heat transfer. influence the intensity of received
radiation, following the inverse
square law for point sources
 Application of Radiation

Solar Energy: Astronomy and Space Exploration:

• Solar Panels: Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiation • Thermal Control: Spacecraft use radiative cooling to
into electricity. manage temperature, as convection is not possible in
• Solar Water Heaters: These systems use solar radiation space.
to heat water for residential or commercial use. • Telescopes: Instruments like the Hubble Space
Telescope detect various types of radiation (e.g., visible
light, infrared) to study celestial objects.

Heating: Medical Applications:

• Radiant Heaters: Devices like infrared heaters transfer
• Radiation Therapy: High-energy radiation is used to
heat directly to objects and people in a room through
radiation. treat cancer by killing or damaging cancer cells.
• • X-rays and Imaging: Radiography uses X-rays to create
Underfloor Heating: Some systems use radiant heat to
warm floors, which then radiate heat into the room. images of the inside of the body for medical diagnosis
 Application of Radiation

Industrial Processes: Cooking:

• Infrared Drying: Used in manufacturing processes to • Microwave Ovens: Use microwave radiation to heat
dry paints, coatings, and inks quickly and efficiently. and cook food quickly.
• Thermal Imaging: Infrared cameras detect radiation • Grilling: Radiant heat from the grill or broiler cooks
emitted by objects to visualize temperature food by direct exposure to heat.
distributions, used in maintenance, surveillance, and
medical diagnostics.

Communication: Climate and Environmental Monitoring:

• Radio Waves: Used in wireless communication, including
• Satellite Remote Sensing: Satellites measure radiation
radio, television, and mobile phones.
• Infrared Communication: Remote controls and some emitted or reflected by the Earth to monitor weather,
wireless data transfer technologies use infrared radiation climate change, and environmental conditions.
 Stefan-Boltzmann law of Radiation

According to Stefan’s law of radiation, the total amount of energy radiated or emitted per unit surface area at an
absolute temperature per unit time of an ideal black body is directly proportional to the fourth power of the
temperature.

Radiate energy = Emissivity × Stefan’s constant × Area × (Temperature) 4

Mathematically,
E=eσAT4

Where,
E: Radiate energy
σ: Stefan's-Boltzmann constant
T: Absolute temperature in Kelvin
e: Emissivity of the material
A: Surface area of the body
The dimension of the radiate energy E is energy flux. Joules per second per square meter, or watts per square meter, is the SI unit of
the radiated energy.
Distinguish between Conduction, Convection & Radiation
 Challenges of Heat Transfer

Heat Source Localization: In very short distances,

Rapid Temperature Changes: In very short timeframes, localized heat sources can cause significant
temperature changes can be extremely rapid, making it temperature variations, making it difficult to achieve
difficult to measure and control the heat transfer uniform heat distribution.
process accurately.

Material Properties: Material properties such as

Thermal Gradients: High thermal gradients can thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density can
develop over short distances, leading to non-uniform vary with temperature, adding complexity to the
temperature distributions which can cause thermal modeling and prediction of heat transfer.
stress and material damage.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms: The dominant mechanism Thermal Resistance: The presence of interfacial
of heat transfer (conduction, convection, or radiation) thermal resistance at material boundaries can
can vary over short distances and timescales, significantly impact heat transfer, especially over small
complicating the analysis and design of heat transfer distances.
systems.
 Future of Heat Transfer

Nanotechnology: Enhanced thermal Renewable Energy: Enhanced heat transfer in

conductivity using nanomaterials like graphene. solar thermal and geothermal systems.

Electric Vehicles: Improved thermal

Phase Change Materials (PCMs): Improved
management for batteries and power
energy storage and thermal regulation.
electronics.

Biotechnology and Medicine: Precision heat

Advanced Heat Exchangers: More efficient and
transfer for treatments like hyperthermia and
compact designs, aided by 3D printing.
thermal ablation

Electronics Cooling: Better liquid cooling Sustainability: Waste heat recovery and energy-
systems, heat pipes, and vapor chambers.. efficient building materials.
 CONCLUSION

This project explored the three fundamental modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
1. Conduction: Heat transfer through direct molecular interaction, important in solids like metals, and essential for designing
thermal management systems.
2. Convection: Heat transfer through fluid motion, vital for heating and cooling systems, weather patterns, and industrial
processes.
3. Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves, crucial for solar energy, thermal insulation, and spacecraft design.

Understanding these modes helps us develop efficient solutions for various applications, from renewable energy to
electronic cooling, enhancing sustainability and technological advancement.
 References

Book:

• Heat and Mass Transfer by P. K. Nag

Web Sources:

• https://byjus.com/physics/heat-transfer-conduction-convection-and-radiation/
• https://www.simscale.com/docs/simwiki/heat-transfer-thermal-analysis/what-is-heat-transfer/#:~:text=Heat
%20transfer%20describes%20the%20flow,conduction%2C%20convection%2C%20and%20radiation.
• https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/introduction-heat-transfer
Thank You