Deep Learning for Smartphone-based

Malaria Parasite Detection in Thick

Blood Smears
Abstract:

Objective: This work investigates the possibility of automated malaria parasite detection in
thick blood smears with smartphones. Methods: We have developed the first deep learning
method that can detect malaria parasites in thick blood smear images and can run on
smartphones. Our method consists of two processing steps. First, we apply an intensity-based
Iterative Global Minimum Screening (IGMS), which performs a fast screening of a thick
smear image to find parasite candidates. Then, a customized Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) classifies each candidate as either parasite or background. High correlation
coefficients (>0.98) between automatically detected parasites and ground truth, on both image
level and patient level, demonstrate the practicality of our method. Conclusion: Promising
results are obtained for parasite detection in thick blood smears for a smartphone application
using deep learning methods. Significance: Automated parasite detection running on
smartphones is a promising alternative to manual parasite counting for malaria diagnosis,
especially in areas lacking experienced parasitologists.

Introduction :

Malaria remains a global health crisis, affecting millions of people annually, particularly in
resource-constrained regions. Timely and accurate diagnosis of malaria is crucial for effective
treatment and disease management. Microscopic examination of thick blood smears is a
widely accepted method for malaria parasite detection, but it is labor-intensive, requires
skilled microscopists, and can lead to human error. In response to these challenges, the "Deep
Learning for Smartphone-based Malaria Parasite Detection in Thick Blood Smears" project
aims to harness the power of deep learning and smartphone technology to improve the
accuracy and accessibility of malaria diagnosis.
Existing Problem:

The existing problem in malaria diagnosis lies in the limitations of conventional methods,
especially in regions with limited access to well-equipped laboratories and skilled medical
professionals. Microscopic examination of thick blood smears is time-consuming, prone to
errors, and not scalable, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, in remote
areas, there may be a shortage of trained microscopists, hindering the timely detection of
malaria parasites. These challenges contribute to the persistence of malaria as a major public
health concern.

Disadvantages :

1. Low

Efficiency

2. Low accuracy

Proposed Solution:

The "Deep Learning for Smartphone-based Malaria Parasite Detection in Thick Blood
Smears" project proposes a innovative solution to address these challenges. By leveraging the
capabilities of deep learning and the ubiquity of smartphones, this project aims to develop a
user-friendly mobile application capable of accurately detecting malaria parasites in thick
blood smears.
The proposed solution involves the following key components:

1. Data Collection: A diverse dataset of thick blood smear images, including both infected
and uninfected samples, will be collected to train and validate the deep learning model. These
images will serve as the foundation for the model's learning process.

2. Deep Learning Model Development: State-of-the-art deep learning techniques, such as

convolutional neural networks (CNNs), will be employed to develop a robust and highly
accurate model capable of identifying malaria parasites in blood smear images. The model
will be trained on the collected dataset to ensure its effectiveness.

3. Mobile Application: A user-friendly smartphone application will be developed to make

the deep learning model accessible to healthcare workers and individuals in malaria-endemic
regions. Users can simply capture images of thick blood smears using their smartphone's
camera and receive rapid, automated parasite detection results.

4. Accessibility and Scalability: The smartphone application will be designed to work

offline and with minimal computational resources, ensuring it is deployable in resource-
constrained settings. This accessibility will empower healthcare workers and community
health workers to diagnose malaria more quickly and accurately.

Advantages :

1. High

Efficiency

2. High

Accuracy

System Requirement :

> H/W System Configuration:-

> Processor - Pentium -IV

> RAM - 4 GB (min)

> Hard Disk - 20 GB

> Key Board - Standard Windows Keyboard

> Mouse - Two or Three Button Mouse

> Monitor - SVGA

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 ❖ Operating
system : Windows 8

❖ Coding Ultimate. : Python.

Language

Literature Review :

Title :Deep Learning for Smartphone-Based Malaria Parasite Detection in Thick Blood
Smears
Author :Mahdieh Poostchi; Hang Yu;

Abstract:

Objective: This work investigates the possibility of automated malaria parasite detection in
thick blood smears with smartphones. Methods: We have developed the first deep learning
method that can detect malaria parasites in thick blood smear images and can run on
smartphones. Our method consists of two processing steps. First, we apply an intensity-based
Iterative Global Minimum Screening (IGMS), which performs a fast screening of a thick
smear image to find parasite candidates. Then, a customized Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) classifies each candidate as either parasite or background. Together with this paper, we
make a dataset of 1819 thick smear images from 150 patients publicly available to the
research community. We used this dataset to train and test our deep learning method, as
described in this paper. Results: A patient-level five-fold cross-evaluation demonstrates the
effectiveness of the customized CNN model in discriminating between positive (parasitic) and
negative image patches in terms of the following performance indicators: accuracy (93.46% ±
0.32%), AUC (98.39% ± 0.18%), sensitivity (92.59% ± 1.27%), specificity (94.33% ± 1.25%),
precision (94.25% ± 1.13%), and negative predictive value (92.74% ± 1.09%). High
correlation coefficients (>0.98) between automatically detected parasites and ground truth, on
both image level and patient level, demonstrate the practicality of our method. Conclusion:
Promising results are obtained for parasite detection in thick blood smears for a smartphone
application using deep learning methods. Significance: Automated parasite detection running
on smartphones is a promising alternative to manual parasite counting for malaria diagnosis,
especially in areas lacking experienced parasitologists.

Title: An efficient smartphone based Parasite Malaria Detection with Deep Neural

Networks Author :Rahul Das. P; Karuna. G; Srilakshmi. V;

Abstract:

Malaria is a serious infection caused by a blood parasite called Plasmodiums pp. Every year,
the World Health Organization [WHO] estimates 300-500 million malaria cases and over one
deaths worldwide. Manually counting and arranging epithetical contaminated erythrocytes is a
time-consuming and exhausting operation. Computerized parasite detection using mobile
phones is a potential alternative to manual parasite meaning intestinal illness assessment,
especially in remote areas without expert parasitologists. As a result, the relevance of
developing novel devices to facilitate quick and simple detection of epithetical malaria in
areas with limited access to social insurance administrations cannot be overstated. The
preceding study investigates the possibility of epithetical mechanised intestinal illness
parasite recognition trig thick blood distributes around cell phones. We have developed a
primary deep learning approach that can recognize malaria parasites, generate dense blood
smear images, and can run forth cell phones. Along with the aforementioned research, we
created a dataset of 1819 thick smear images from 150 patients that is publicly accessible via
examination network.

2.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY :

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put
forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system
analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to
ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility
analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential.
Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are :
 • ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
• TECHNICAL
FEASIBILITY
• SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

> ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the
organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and
development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed
system as well within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies
used are freely available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.

> TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements
of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical
resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead
to high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest
requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.

> SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This
includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel
threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the
users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system
and to make him familiar with it. His
level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive
criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

Chapter-III

SYSTEM
DESIGN

3.1 MODULES :

• User
• System

3.1.1 User

In this module,user has to give the retina image as input.

3.1.2 System
In this module,system has to preprocess the image,Run the CNN
algorithm,predict retinopathy and show the accuracy.

3.2 DESIGN REPRESENTATION :

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general-purpose

modeling language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The standard is
managed, and was created by, the Object Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models of object oriented
computer software. In its current form UML is comprised of two major components: a Meta-
model and a notation. In the future, some form of method or process may also be added to; or
associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying, Visualization,
Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software system, as well as for
business modeling and other non-software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have proven
successful in the modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software and the
software development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express
the design of software projects.
GOALS :

The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows :

1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that
they can develop and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extensibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core
concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development
process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of object oriented tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations,
frameworks, patterns and components.

3.2.1 USE CASE DIAGRAM :

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of behavioral
diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present a
graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their
goals (represented as use cases), and any dependencies between those use cases.
The main purpose of a use case diagram is to show what system functions are
performed for which actor. Roles of the actors in the system can be depicted.

Fig 3. 1: Use case diagram

3.2.2 CLASS DIAGRAM :

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a
type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing
the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships
among the classes.

Fig 3.3 : Class diagram

3.3.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM :

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction

diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is
a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called
event diagrams, event scenarios, and timing diagrams.

Fig 3.4: Sequence diagram

3.3.4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:

Activity diagram is another important behavioral diagram in UML diagram to describe

dynamic aspects of the system. Activity diagram is essentially an advanced version of
flow chart that modeling the flow from one activity to another activity.
 SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT :

What is Python :

Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming

language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python

programs generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.
 Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language,
makes them readable all the time.

Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like -Google, Amazon,
Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber... etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used
for the following -

• Machine Learning
• GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
• Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
• Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
• Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
• Test frameworks
• Multimedia

Advantages of Python
Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries

Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes
like regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers,
threading, databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to
write the complete code for that manually.
2. Extensible

As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write
some of your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in
projects.

3. Embeddable

Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python
code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting
capabilities to our code in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity

The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more productive
than languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less and get
more things done.

5. IOT Opportunities

Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future
bright for the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real
world.

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in
Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and
code. This is why when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other
more verbose languages like Java.

7. Readable

Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English.
This is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It
also does not need curly braces to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This
further aids the readability of the code.

8. Object-Oriented

This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming

paradigms. While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us
model the real world. A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download
Python for free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and
even distribute it. It downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with
your tasks.

10. Portable

When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some
changes to it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python.
Here, you need to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write
Once Run Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to
include any system-dependent features.

11. Interpreted

Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one
by one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.
Advantages of Python Over Other Languages :

1. Less Coding

Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is done
in other languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t
have to search for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that
many people suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable

Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage
the free available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so
it gives you better community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in
the most popular programming language category.

3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows.
Programmers need to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you
can professionally build web apps, perform data analysis and machine learning,
automate things, do web scraping and also build games and powerful visualizations. It is
an all-rounder programming language.

Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it,
you should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of
choosing Python over another language.
1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it
often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal
point for the project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits
offered by Python are enough to distract us from its speed limitations.
2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on the
client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based
applications. One such application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.
3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare
the type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that?
Well, it just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the
programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.
4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access
layers are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.
5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I
don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the
verbosity of Java code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming Language.
History of Python : -

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right,
both start with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the
programming language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language
and programming environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands,
Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of
ABC was to influence the design of Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s.
Guido van Rossum worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed
operating system. In an interview with Bill Venners 1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the
early 1980s, I worked as an implementer on a team building a language called ABC at
Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI). I don't know how well people know
ABC's influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted to
everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked on it."Later on in
the same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued: "I remembered all my experience and
some of my frustration with ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting language
that possessed some of ABC's better properties, but without its problems. So I started
typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a simple parser, and a simple runtime. I made
my own version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic syntax, used
indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end blocks, and
developed a small number of powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as we call
it), a list, strings, and numbers."
What is Machine Learning : -

Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by
looking at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often
categorized as a subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often
be misleading at first brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from research
in this context, but in the data science application of machine learning methods, it's more
helpful to think of machine learning as a means of building models of data.

Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help

understand data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable
parameters that can be adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be
considered to be "learning" from the data. Once these models have been fit to previously
seen data, they can be used to predict and understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll
leave to the reader the more philosophical digression regarding the extent to which this
type of mathematical, model-based "learning" is similar to the "learning" exhibited by
the human brain.Understanding the problem setting in machine learning is essential to
using these tools effectively, and so we will start with some broad categorizations of the
types of approaches we'll discuss here.

Categories Of Machine Leaning :-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main types:
supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between measured

features of data and some label associated with the data; once this model is determined, it
can be used to apply labels to new, unknown data. This is further subdivided into
classification tasks and regression tasks: in classification, the labels are discrete
categories, while in regression, the labels are continuous quantities. We will see
examples of both types of supervised learning in the following section.
Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference to
any label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models
include tasks such as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms
identify distinct groups of data, while dimensionality reduction algorithms search for
more succinct representations of the data. We will see examples of both types of
unsupervised learning in the following section.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth
because they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI is
still in its initial stage and haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then
the question is that what is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable reason for
doing this is, “to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.

Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial

Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data
to perform several real-world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-driven
decisions taken by machines, particularly to automate the process. These data-driven
decisions can be used, instead of using programing logic, in the problems that cannot be
programmed inherently. The fact is that we can’t do without human intelligence, but
other aspect is that we all need to solve real-world problems with efficiency at a huge
scale. That is why the need for machine learning arises.

Challenges in Machines Learning

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with

cybersecurity and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to
go. The reason behind is that ML has not been able to overcome number of challenges.
The challenges that ML is facing currently are -
Quality of data - Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest
challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing
and feature extraction.

Time-Consuming task - Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of

time especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.

Lack of specialist persons - As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability

of expert resources is a tough job.

No clear objective for formulating business problems - Having no clear objective

and well-defined goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because
this technology is not that mature yet.

Issue of overfitting & underfitting - If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it

cannot be represented well for the problem.

Curse of dimensionality - Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of

data points. This can be a real hindrance.

Difficulty in deployment - Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be

deployed in real life.

Applications of Machines Learning :-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers
we are in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex
problems which cannot be solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-
world applications of ML -

• Emotion analysis

• Sentiment analysis

• Error detection and prevention

• Weather forecasting and prediction

• Stock market analysis and forecasting

• Speech synthesis

• Speech recognition

• Customer segmentation

• Object recognition

• Fraud detection

• Fraud prevention

• Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as a “Field
of study that gives computers the capability to learn without being explicitly
programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine Learning is
one of the most popular (if not the most!) career choices. According to Indeed, Machine
Learning Engineer Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and an average base
salary of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to start
learning it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also the path
you can follow to eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now
let’s get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely talented
Machine Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps according to
your needs to reach your desired end-goal!

Step 1 - Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some
prerequisites that you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate
Calculus, Statistics, and Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a
Ph.D. degree in these topics to get started but you do need a basic understanding.

(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning.
However, the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If
you are more focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that
heavily focused on maths as there are many common libraries available. But if you want to
focus on R&D in Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate
Calculus is very important as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from
scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an ML
expert will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the
collection, analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance,
Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is
also a very important part of ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional
Probability, Priors, and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn
them as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot
skip is Python! While there are other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R,
Scala, etc. Python is currently the most popular language for ML. In fact, there are many
Python libraries that are specifically useful for
 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning such as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using various
online resources and courses such as Fork Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.

Step 2 - Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning ML
(Which is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more
complicated stuff. Some of the basic concepts in ML are:

(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

• Model - A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some machine
learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
• Feature - A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of numeric
features can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as input
to the model. For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like color,
smell, taste, etc.
• Target (Label) - A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For the
fruit example discussed in the feature section, the label with each set of input would be the
name of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
• Training - The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected outputs(labels), so
after training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the
categories trained on.
• Prediction - Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will provide a
predicted output(label).
 (b) Types of Machine Learning

• Supervised Learning - This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled data
using classification and regression models. This learning process continues until the
required level of performance is achieved.
• Unsupervised Learning - This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the
underlying structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using
factor and cluster analysis models.
• Semi-supervised Learning - This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised
Learning with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the
learning accuracy and is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
• Reinforcement Learning - This involves learning optimal actions through trial and error.
So the next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current state and
that will maximize the reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-

1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns
that would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like
Amazon, it serves to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users
to help cater to the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results
to reveal relevant advertisements to them.
2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving
machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms
on their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter new
threats as they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing spam.
3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This
lets them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the
amount of data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate
predictions faster.
4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and
multi-variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.
5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does
apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers
while also targeting the right customers.
Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be
inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for
new data to be generated.
2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose
with a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to
function. This can mean additional requirements of computer power for you.

3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the
algorithms. You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.
 4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an
algorithm with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased
predictions coming from a biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being
displayed to customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of errors that
can go undetected for long periods of time. And when they do get noticed, it takes quite
some time to recognize the source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.

Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt.sources
in February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core
data types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module system.
Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in this
release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which
Guido Van Rossum never liked.Six and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was
introduced. This release included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was
supporting unicode.Python flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the
next major release as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released.
Python 3 is not backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been
on the removal of duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or
coming close to fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and
preferably only one -- obvious way to do it."Some changes in Python 7.3:

• Print is now a function

• Views and iterators instead of lists
• The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list cannot
be sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.
• There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
• The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to have
the "old" behaviour.
• Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose

We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intraretinal layers—

even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different
intensity ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.
Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.

Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy
that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

• Python is Interpreted - Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do

not need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
• Python is Interactive - you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is
part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say
something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to
troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with
which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge
standard library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick
to implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later been patched and
updated by people with no Python background - without breaking.
 Modules Used in Project

Tensorflow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and

differentiable programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is
also used for machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both
research and production at Google.

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was
released under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.
Numpy

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various
features including these important ones:

■ A powerful N-dimensional array object

■ Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
■ Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
■ Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities Besides its
obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multidimensional
container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy which allows
Numpy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.
Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and

analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used for data
munging and preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas
solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the
processing and analysis of data, regardless of the origin of data load, prepare,
manipulate, model, and analyze. Python with
 Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial domains
including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.
Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a

variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib
can be used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web
application servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make
easy things easy and hard things possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power
spectra, bar charts, error charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For
examples, see the sample plots and thumbnail gallery.

For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface, particularly
when combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line styles,
font properties, axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or via a set of
functions familiar to MATLAB users.
Scikit - learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a

consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license
and is distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and
commercial use. Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a
design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant
whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

• Python is Interpreted - Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
• Python is Interactive - you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is
part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say
something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to
troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with
which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge
standard library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick
to implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later been patched and
updated by people with no Python background - without breaking.
Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer

devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular
high-level programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code readability with
its notable use of great whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables
programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not
come pre-packaged with Windows.

How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is
how to install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start
learning Python but this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version of
Python is version 3.7.4 or in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.
Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about
your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and based
processor, you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit
operating system. So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7
device or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet here.The steps on how to
install Python on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand
better.

Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any
other web browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org

Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

 Download the latest version for Windows
Download Pvtl CLICK HERE
Looking for Python with a different OS? Python for Windows,
Llnux/UNIX, Mac OS X, Other
Want to help test development versions of Python? Pre releases.
Docker images
Looking for Python 2.7? See below for specific releases

Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow
Color or you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their
version. Here, we are downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4

Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.
• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86
web-based installer.
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows
x86-64 web-based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding
which version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with the
second part in installing python i.e. Installation Note: To know the changes or updates
that are made in the version you can click on the Release Note Option.
Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the
installation process.
Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to
PATH.

Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.
 Python 3.7.4 (64* bit) Setup

Setup was successful

Special thanks to Mark Hammond, without whose years of
freely shared Windows expertise. Python for Windows would
still be Python for DOS.

New to Python? Start with the online tutona and

See what's new in this release

puthon
windows • ose

With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly
installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.

Verify the Python Installation Step 1: Click on Start

Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

Programs (1)
33 cmd.exe

P Sec more results

cmd

1
Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.
Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python -V and press
Enter.

Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4

Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first
uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one.

Check how the Python IDLE works Step 1: Click on Start

Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

Programs (2)
p
IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit)
P pvthon idle

Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on
File > Click on Save
 Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I
have named the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print

6.SYSTEM TEST
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality
of components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of
exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its
requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are
various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS Unit testing

Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program logic is
functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision branches
and internal code flow should be validated. It is the
testing of individual software units of the application .it is done after the completion of an
individual unit before integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its
construction and is invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component level and test a
specific business process, application, and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each
unique path of a business process performs accurately to the documented specifications and
contains clearly defined inputs and expected results.

Integration testing

Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to determine if they
actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with the basic
outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the components were
individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the combination of
components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing the
problems that arise from the combination of components.

Functional test

Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are available as specified
by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input identified classes of valid input must be accepted. identified

Invalid Input classes of invalid input must be rejected. identified functions

Functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be

exercised.
Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on

requirements, key functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage
pertaining to identify Business process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and
successive processes must be considered for testing. Before functional testing is
complete, additional tests are identified and the effective value of current tests is determined.
System Test

System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets requirements. It tests
a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of system testing is the
configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on process descriptions
and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.
White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has knowledge of the
inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose. It is purpose. It
is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner workings, structure
or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds of tests, must be
written from a definitive source document, such as specification or requirements document, such
as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in which the software under test is
treated, as a black box .you cannot "see" into it. The test provides inputs and responds to outputs
without considering how the software works.

Unit Testing

Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase of the
software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be conducted as
two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be

written in detail.
Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.
• Pages must be activated from the identified link.
• The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested
• Verify that the entries are of the correct format
• No duplicate entries should be allowed
• All links should take the user to the correct page.

Integration Testing

Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more integrated
software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface defects.

The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g.
components in a software system or - one step up - software applications at the company level
- interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.

Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant
participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional
requirements.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered

Screen Shorts :
This project consists of two parts such as 1) intensity-based Iterative Global
Minimum Screening (IGMS) 2) Customized Convolution Neural Network to
detect whether image contains parasites or not.
1) Intensity-based Iterative Global Minimum Screening (IGMS): Using
this module we will take all images as input and then convert this image
into gray colour. Then we apply binary mask using OSTU method which
will give all thick smears and then we remove other background small
dots as noise value. Left over image will contains all WBC (white blood
corpuscles) and parasites dots. All dots which are thick and contains
many thick region will consider as parasites and other as WBC. If image
contains parasite then it will consider as image contains malaria disease.
2) CNN Module: Based on above identification of images we will
generate positive and negative train dataset. CNN will be applied on
train images to generate customized CNN model. Whenever user give
any test image then this CNN model will be applied on test image to
detect whether image contains parasites or not.
To implement this project author has given 150 images of infected peoples
and this dataset available at this URL ‘
ftp://lhcftp.nlm.nih.gov/Open-Access-
Datasets/Malaria/Thick_Smears_150\ We also downloaded image from
same website and then convert that dataset to positive and negative
samples using IGMS technique and then generate CNN train model.
All this dataset saved inside ‘dataset’ folder and after building train CNN
model you test the model by uploading images from ‘testimage’ folder.
Convolution Neural Network Working Procedure
CNN working procedure
To demonstrate how to build a convolutional neural network based image
classifier, we shall build a 7 layer neural network that will identify and
separate one image from other. This network that we shall build is a very
small network that we can run on a CPU as well. Traditional neural
networks that are very good at doing image classification have many
more parameters and take a lot of time if trained on normal CPU.
However, our objective is to show how to build a real-world
convolutional neural network using TENSORFLOW.
Neural Networks are essentially mathematical models to solve an optimization
problem. They are made of neurons, the basic computation unit of neural
networks. A neuron takes an input (say x), do some computation on it (say:
multiply it with a variable w and adds another variable b) to produce a value
(say; z= wx+b). This value is passed to a non-linear function called activation
function (f) to produce the final output(activation) of a neuron. There are many
kinds of activation functions. One of the popular activation function is Sigmoid.
The neuron which uses sigmoid function as an activation function will be called
sigmoid neuron. Depending on the activation functions, neurons are named and
there are many kinds of them like RELU, TanH.

If you stack neurons in a single line, it’s called a layer; which is the next
building block of neural networks. See below image with layers

To predict image class multiple layers operate on each other to get best match
layer and this process continues till no more improvement left.
Below are the dataset images
Screen shots

Double click on ‘run.bat’ file to get below screen

0 Deep Learning for Smartphone-based Malaria Parasite Detection in Thick Blood Smea

In above screen click on ‘Upload Thick Blood Images’ button and upload
dataset
In above screen I am uploading ‘dataset’ folder which contains infected images,
after uploading dataset will get below screen

In above screen click on ‘Remove Noise’ button to remove noise from all
images available in dataset folder. After removing noise will get below screen
After applying Noise technique all dataset images noise will be removed out and
saved inside ‘data/train/positive’ folder. It’s not possible to show all clean
images so I am showing only one image after removing noise. All clean images
you can see inside ‘data/train/positive’.
Now click on ‘Generate CNN Training Model’ button to generate model on all
clean images. After building model we will get below screen

In above screen we can see CNN model generated and we can see details at
black console. See below screen with CNN details
In above screen we can see total 7 layers are created to generate CNN model.
First layer start from image size 126, 126, 32 where 126 and 126 is image height
and width and 32 is the image colour. After building model click on ‘Upload
Test Image & Predict Parasite’ button to upload test image and predict disease.

In above screen I am uploading ‘7.jpg’ file and below are the prediction result
In above screen we can see uploaded test image contains positive result and all
red colour marks are the parasites and non-red colour dots are WBC. All dots
which contains thick pixels will consider as parasites. Now click on ‘Parasite &
WBC Count Graph’ button to see number of WBC and parasites pixels in graph
format

In above graph x-axis represents CELL type and y-axis represents count. Now
check with other image
In above screen I am uploading ’75.jpg’ file and below are the results

Above image contains no parasites so no red mark pixels found. Similarly u can
upload any image and test
References :

> Guidelines considering Treatment epithetical Malaria, World Health Organization, 2015.

> K.S. Makhija, S. Maloney and R Norton, "The utility epithetical serial blood film testing
considering diagnosis epithetical malaria", Pathology, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 68-70, 2015.
> 3.Malaria micropscopy quality assurance manual Version 2, 2016.

> 4.K.Poostchi, K. Silamut, R. J. Maude, S. Jaeger and G. Thoma, "Image analysis &
machine learning considering detecting malaria", Transl. Res., vol. 194, pp. 36-55, Apr.
2018.

> Liang, A. Powell, I. Ersoy, M. Poostchi, K. Silamut, K. Palaniappan, et al., "CNN-based

image analysis considering malaria diagnosis", trig Proc. BIBM, pp. 493-496, 2017.

> Rajaraman, K. Silamut, M. A. Hossain, I. Ersoy, R. J. Maude, S. Jaeger, et al.,

"Understanding learned behavior epithetical customized convolutional neural networks
toward malaria parasite detection trig thin blood smear images", J. Med. Imaging, vol.
5, no. 3, pp. 034501, July 2018.

> Rosado, J. M. Correia da Costa, D. Elias and J. S. Cardoso, "A Review epithetical
Automatic Malaria Parasites Detection & Segmentation trig Microscopic Images",
AntiInfective Agents, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 11-22, Mar. 2016.

> P. A. Pattanaik and T. Swarnkar, "Comparative analysis epithetical morphological

techniques considering malaria detection", Int. J.Healthc Inf. Syst. Informatics, vol. 13,
no. 4, pp. 49-65, Oct. 2018.