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GROUP

introduction to group

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4 views

GROUP

introduction to group

Uploaded by

vibha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GROUP

• A group consists of two or more persons who share


norms about certain things with one another and
whose social roles are closely interlocking.
(Newcomb:Social Psychology.1960)
• Two or more persons engaged in any kind of
functional relationship with each other constitute a
group(Lindgren:An introduction to Social
Psychology,1972)
• A group is social unit which consists of a
number of individuals who stand in (more or
less)definite status and role relationship to
one another and which possesses a set of
values or norms of its own regulating the
behavior of individual member or at least in
matters of consequences of the group.(Sherif
&Sherif:An outline of Social Psychology)
It (interaction)need not be physical face to
face interaction. However,verbal or written
interaction may suffice.(Feldman:Social
Psychology)
 A primary group is composed of people who
are emotionally close, know one another well,
and seek one another’s company.
 These groups are characterized by primary
relationships that are intimate, personal,
caring, and fulfilling.
 Primary groups are the most important setting
for socialization.
Characteristics of Group(Primary Group)
(External)

• Small no. of members


• Face to face relation
• Intimacy among members
• Lack of specific relationship
• Common cultural background
• Limited interest
Internal
• Spontaneity in relationship
• Personal relationship(we-feeling)
• Strong feeling of cooperation
• Possible maximum control
• Relationship among members in an end in
itself
Secondary Group
• Large size
• Formal Relationship
• Indirect Relationship
• Contractual Relationship
• Specific Purpose
• Lack of intimacy and ego involvement
• Limited Responsibilty
Structure of Group
Secord and Beckman(1974)
Interactions between the members of the group
about specification of different aspects of
patterened regulations---found in in
perceptions,feelings and reactions of the
group members
Donnerstine and Donnerstine(1984)
How group is organized ?
Key Elements of Group Structure
• Size of the group
• Individual roles in group
• Group relations
• Communication structure
• Relationships among different social group
Functions of Group
• Differential satisfaction of wants
• Satisfaction of dominance and belongings
• Creation of new needs
• Socialization of individuals
• To maintain cultural continuity
• Multiple group members
Meaning of Group Effectiveness
• Key Criteria
• Group Productivity
• Member Satisfaction
• Determinants
• Factors related to group structure
1.Size of the group
(Seashore,1954,Mann&Baumgartel,1952)
2.Composition of the Group
• (a) Homogeneity(Terman et.al.,1938)
• (b)Heterogeneity(Cattell et.al.,1953) contd….
• (c)Compatibility(Schutz,1958)
3. Status Hierarchy(Kelley,1951,Bales,1953
et.al.,)
4.Channels of Communication(Shaw,1954
&Leavitt,1951)
• Factors related to group Interactions
• (affected by intermediate variables)
• 1.Leadership Style(Maier&Solem,1952)
• (a)leadership role(Kahn&Katz,1983)
• (b)Closeness of supervision
• (c)Employee orientation
• 2.group work motivation(Thomas,1957)
• 3. friendship relations
(Horsfall&Arendsberg,1949)
Social Facilitation: The Zajonc Soln.
• Zajonc Robert (1965,1980)soln.involved three
basic steps.

• First,increase in specific drive which happens in


the presence of others.

• Most social psychologists define drive as


diffused physiological arousal that energizes
behavior (Geen & Bushman). Contd…..
• Zajonc pointed out that increased drive
enhances an individual ‘s tendency to perform
the dominant response.

• On a simple task,the dominant response is


often correct:on a complex task,the dominant
response is often incorrect.
Determinants of Social Facilitation
• Evaluation Apprehension
• M.J.Rosenberg,1969
• Scott Bartis &his Colleagues,1988
• K.M.Allen et.al.,1991
• Distraction
• Baron,1986
• Geen,1991
Social Loafing
• Social loafing was first studied in late 1880s by a
French agricultural engineer named Max
Ringlemann.

• When an individual ‘s contribution to a collective


activity can not be evaluated. Individuals often work
hard than they would alone.This effect is known as
Social Loafing.

• contd…..
• Social Loafing

If group‘s person
is unimp. To SOCIAL LOAFING
Presence of others individual
creates a situation
in which an
individual‘s
performance can’t If group’ s
be evaluated person is Increased effort
important to Social
individual compensation
Process leading to social loafing vs social
compensation
• Social loafing is not restricted to simple motor
task. Sharing responsibility with others also
reduces the amount of effort people put into
cognitive tasks (Weldon &Gargano,1988).
• Social loafing poses a threat to the
productivity of group effort throughout
society. It is called “social disease.”
• Social loafing is reduced or eliminated when
participants believe that their individual
contributions are not identifiable (Williams
et.al.,1981).
• Social loafing is prevented when people regard
the task as personally relevant (Bricker
et.al.,1986),challenging(Harkins
&Petty,1982)or highly attractive(Zaccaro).
Social Conformity
• First significant study was made by Sherif in 1935.
• “The essence of conformity is the yielding to group
pressure”(Kretch,Crutchfield &Ballachey,1962),

• Conformity is behavior by which an individual


yields to group pressures,despite the personal
feelings that heor she should act in some other
manner (Worchel & Cooper,1979).
• Conformity refers to a change in between or
belief toward group as a real or imagined
group pressure(Kiesler & Kiesler,1969).
Factors influencing Conformity
• Group related factors:
• 1. size of the group
• 2.composition of group
• 3.unanimity of group
• 4.strength of coersion
• 5.large social context
• Personality related factor
• Self-esteem and competence
• Tendency to ingratiate
• Motivation
• Attraction
• Task -related factors

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