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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Identify and use signals that indicate
coherence
 Use appropriate cohesive devices in
composing an informative speech. EN8G-
Ib-8:
 Scan for logical connectors to determine
the text type. EN8RC-Ia-7.2.
NGTICODIORNA

COORDINATIN
G
LATICORVER
E

CORRELATI
VE
SUBDIORTINGN
A

SUBORDINATING
SIVEHECO
VICEDE

COHESIVE
DEVICE
 CALLOGI
CONTORSNEC

LOGICAL
CONNECTORS
RENCEHECO

COHERENCE
SICOHEON

COHESION
TIONJUNCCO
N

CONJUNCTIO
N
 COHESIVE DEVICES are words or
phrases that connect the ideas in your sentences
or paragraphs.

The list of frequently used cohesive

devices or transitional signals are arranged
according to kinds of relationship they establish.
They help achieve coherence or consistency of
ideas.
 There are three main types of cohesive devices:

• Pronouns that refer back to a previously mentioned

noun.

Example: Jim went out to the playground. He played

on the swings.
• Substitution of a synonym for a previously mentioned
noun.

Example: There was a lot of food, but she only ate the
bread.

• Transition words and inter-clausal connectors such as

so or because

Example: Jim played on the swings. Later, Jim played

ball.

Example: Mary was late, so she took the bus. Mary was
late, because she took the bus.
 CONJUNCTION
A conjunction is a part of speech which joins,
connects, or links words, phrases, or clauses
together to form meaningful sentences.
 Conjunction enable us to connect together one
sentence part to another.
 Functional understanding of conjunctions will
make your verbal and written communication
skills a lot better.
 CONJUNCTION
Your knowledge of using conjunctions
correctly provides you with competence and
confidence as you speak and write.
However, if you use a wrong conjunction,
the meaning will changed, or worse
misconstrued.
Conjunctions used as cohesive devices may
show similarity, contrast, emphasis, and time
or sequence among other functions.

1. My mother is hardworking. Similarly, my

father has two jobs every day.

2. My mother is hardworking. On the

other hand, my father is lazy.
3. Indeed, my parents are both
hardworking.

4. I will go to school today.

Afterwards, I will attend my violin
tutorial.
 COORDINATING CORRELATIVE SUBORDINATE
CONJUNCTION CONJUNCTION CONJUNCTION

It joins words, phrases, or They are pairs of It joins an independent

independent clauses of a conjunctions which are used clause (which contains both
sentence together. They to join equal sentence subject and a verb and can
often link similar elements together. act as complete sentence)
grammatical parts of and independent
sentence together. clause(which also contains a
subject and a verb, but is not
a complete sentence).

and, so, or, nor, Either-or, neither- Because. Since, while,

before, after, unless,
for, but, yet nor, whether-or, whereas, once, that,
not only-but also, wherever, whenever,
although
as-as, if-then
 COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
FANBOYS is a mnemonic device or a memory
technique that helps us recall the coordinating
conjunctions.

1. FOR – it indicates reason or a purpose

Examples:
 I went to the mall for I needed materials to complete
my project.
 Kovi left, for it was late.
 COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
2. AND – It is used to indicate connection or addition
within the same class or type

Examples:
 My father went to the bank, and he deposited a great
amount of money for savings.
 Last summer, Mairin took up voice lessons and
joined the church choir.
 COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
3. NOR – It is used to present an alternative negative
idea to an already stated negative idea.
Examples:
 I was not able to beat her in the singing contest nor
was I able to finish my assignment. Too bad!
 Jeffrey is healthy because he does not smoke nor
does he drink liquor.
 COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
4. BUT – It is used to indicate contrasting ideas in the
sentence.

Example:
 I have just recently known you but your personality
amazes me as if we have known each other for ages.
 We went to the museum, but it was already closed.
 COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
5. OR – It presents an alternative, a preference, or a
choice.

Examples:
 The businesswoman should have known better not to
overprice her goods or else she loses customers.
 Marie will have to do part-time work, or she will
have to quit schooling.
 COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
6. YET – It introduces a contrasting idea that follows
the preceding idea logically. (similar to “BUT”). It can
be used to take the place of the word nevertheless or
even.

Examples:
 My best friend had a great time, yet she had to leave
early because her mother called.
 Maggie’s gown is plain and simple yet elegant.
 COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
7. SO – It indicates effect, result, or consequence. It
can be used to replace the word “therefore”.

Examples:
 My sister attended a debut party, so father picked her
up late last night.
 The rain fell suddenly, so I was forced to buy an
umbrella.

Take note that nor, for, and
so can connect independent
clauses only.
The following are the rules on using punctuation
marks with coordinating conjunctions.

1. When a conjunction joins two subjects or

predicates, a comma is not inserted.

Examples:
 My sisters are Trisha and Tracy.
 Len can’t decide whether to go to the province by
boat or by plane.
2. When a conjunction joins three or more items in a
series, a comma should be placed after each item.

Examples:
 Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, and the Philippines
are members of the ASEAN.
 We can stay in Pampanga, go to Cavite, or visit
Laguna.
 We can recycle materials, segregate our trash, or
plant trees.
3. When two independent clauses are joined by a
conjunction, a compound sentence is formed. A
comma must be placed after the first clause.

Examples:
 Edgar and his teammates play in the covered court,
so the other teams play in the lawn.
 Sophie knows about the big sale in the nearby
department store, but she can’t spend the money
meant for her medicines.
 Andrea gathers all her confidence, and then she
goes directly to her boss to explain.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
 It combines two clauses.
 It is used to introduce a
dependent clause.
 A dependent clause is also
called subordinate clause.
Here is a list of the commonly used subordinating conjunctions
classified according to their functions.
TIME CAUSE PURPOSE CONDITION

after as in order that although

as because so that despite

before even though such that if

since since that provided that

until unless though

when whereas

whenever while

while
The following are two sentences or two independent
clauses.

 Mr. and Mrs. Anderson bought land in the

Philippines.
 They retired early from their work.

 Mr. and Mrs. Anderson bought land in the

Philippines after they retired from work.
EXAMPLES:

1. When you travel to Bicol, make sure to see Mt.

Mayon, the Central feature and natural attraction of
the region.

2. After Mt. Mayon erupted in 1814, Cagsawa church

was destroyed.

3. Before she had learned to drive, Janine had already

bought a car.
EXAMPLES:

4. If Dan’s paperwork will arrive this month, he will

spend summer with Jan.

5. Tess wrote her e-mail again because her laptop

crashed.

6. Although he has worked far from her, Dan has

never ceased to e-mail Janine everyday.
Below are some rules on using punctuation marks
with subordinating conjunctions.

1. When an independent clause appears first, no

comma is placed between the two clauses.

 The peace negotiation will succeed if all parties

cooperate with sincerity.
 2. When the dependent clause appears before
the independent clause, a comma should
separate them.

 Although the company’s profit is declining,

the employees continue to support their new
manager.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION
 These are used to connect similar words or
groups of words as coordinating conjunctions
do, but different in the sense that these
conjunctions come in pairs.

 It presents parallel ideas.

Here are the list of the most common
correlative conjunctions.

both…and
not only…but also
not…but
either…or
neither…nor
whether…or
as…as
such…that
EXAMPLES:

 Both the priest and the worshipper knelt in

prayer.

 Not only the women but also the men were

prayerful.

 Either my father or mother is attending the

parent-teacher conference.
EXAMPLES:

 Neither my brother nor my sister wants to watch

action movies.

 Corrine is trying to decide whether to go to a

medical school or to go to a law school.

 The governor is as important as the congressman

in determining the economic path of a province.
OTHER TYPES
OF COHESIVE
DEVICES
ADDITION
 in addition
 additionally

 further

 furthermore

 also

 again

 moreover

 what’s more

 besides

 as well as
EXAMPLES
 For example
 For instance

 Such as

 In particular

 Particularly

 Namely

 Specifically

 A good example of

 This is
 SEQUENCE
 first  from there
 second  an then
 finally
 following this
 lastly

 at first
 to begin with

 initially

 then

 next
CONSEQUENCE
therefore
as a result
thus
so
so that
depending on
consequently
SUMMARY
 in summary
 in conclusion

 in other words

 in short

 overall

 to sum up

 all in all

 to put it differently

 to summarize

 on the whole
EMPHASIS
Indeed
Certainly
In fact
Of course
Undoubtedly
Plainly
obviously
COMPARISON
 in comparison to
 likewise
 similarly
 in the same way
 compared with
 in comparison with
 CONTRAST
 on the other hand  rather

 however  whereas

 despite this  but

 conversely  instead of
 in contrast  in spite of

 on the contrary  still

 although  nevertheless

 while  regardless

 though  otherwise
 REASON
 because
 since
 as
 so
 due to
 the reason why
AGREEMENT
granted
naturally
of course
ACTIVITY
1. Not only proteins but also vitamins are essential for
small children.
2. The film was neither well made nor well-performed.
3. Although he’s very smart, he cannot pass his Science
class.
4. Regardless of age, anybody can ride this ride.
5. The winters are very wet here; whereas, the summers
are very dry.
6. It was very hot yesterday, in contrast, it’s very cold
today.
7. It’s cold and windy today, on the other hand, it’s not
raining.
8. The basketball team’s introducing a talented
young player resulted in winning more games.

9. I can speak Spanish; similarly, my brother can

speak Spanish.

10. She came late in her first class. As a result,

she missed the first activity.

11. Always be on time, otherwise, you’ll be

marked absent.

12. She still finished her studies despite all the

struggles she faced.