Research

Introduction,
Theories, and
Literature
Research Enhancement Seminar – Session 2
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• P.I.L.O.T.C
1st Paragraph (PROBLEM)
 Researchers’ discussion of the problems in their own words
2nd Paragraph (IMPACT)
 State and elaborate the impact of the problem
3rd Paragraph – 4th Paragraph (LITERATURE)
 Include ideas of the authors relevant to the study
6th Paragraph (OBJECTIVES, TIME FRAME, CREDIBILITY)
 Include objectives and time frame
 Explain the credibility of the researchers as to why you are permitted/rightful to conduct
the study
SAMPLE PARAGRAPH (Problem)
SAMPLE PARAGRAPH (Problem)
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• P.I.L.O.T.C
1st Paragraph (PROBLEM)
 Researchers’ discussion of the problems in their own words
2nd Paragraph (IMPACT)
 State and elaborate the impact of the problem
3rd Paragraph – 4th Paragraph (LITERATURE)
 Include ideas of the authors relevant to the study
6th Paragraph (OBJECTIVES, TIME FRAME, CREDIBILITY)
 Include objectives and time frame
 Explain the credibility of the researchers as to why you are permitted/rightful to conduct
the study
SAMPLE
PARAGRAPH
(Impact)
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• P.I.L.O.T.C
1st Paragraph (PROBLEM)
 Researchers’ discussion of the problems in their own words
2nd Paragraph (IMPACT)
 State and elaborate the impact of the problem
3rd Paragraph – 4th Paragraph (LITERATURE)
 Include ideas of the authors relevant to the study (3-5 authors)
6th Paragraph (OBJECTIVES, TIME FRAME, CREDIBILITY)
 Include objectives and time frame
 Explain the credibility of the researchers as to why you are permitted/rightful to conduct
the study
SAMPLE
PARAGRAPH
(Literature)
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• P.I.L.O.T.C
1st Paragraph (PROBLEM)
 Researchers’ discussion of the problems in their own words
2nd Paragraph (IMPACT)
 State and elaborate the impact of the problem
3rd Paragraph – 4th Paragraph (LITERATURE)
 Include ideas of the authors relevant to the study (3-5 authors)
6th Paragraph (OBJECTIVES, TIME FRAME, CREDIBILITY)
 Include objectives and time frame
 Explain the credibility of the researchers as to why you are permitted/rightful to conduct
the study
SAMPLE
PARAGRAPH
(Objective,
Time Frame,
Credibility)
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• P.I.L.O.T.C
1st Paragraph (PROBLEM)
 Researchers’ discussion of the problems in their own words
2nd Paragraph (IMPACT)
 State and elaborate the impact of the problem
3rd Paragraph – 4th Paragraph (LITERATURE)
 Include ideas of the authors relevant to the study (3-5 authors)
6th Paragraph (OBJECTIVES, TIME FRAME, CREDIBILITY)
 Include objectives and time frame
 Explain the credibility of the researchers as to why you are permitted/rightful to conduct
the study
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
• Outlines the theory that one wishes to verify in a study.
• Contains functional relationships of the variables involved.
– One general theory (Education, Medical Science, Engineering, etc.)
– One theory for the independent variable
– One theory involving the dependent variable
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
• One paragraph discussion for each theory. Each paragraph should
briefly discuss the theory and its relevance to the thesis topic.
• One concluding paragraph presenting the generalizations from
three theories.

• Acceptable date of publication is not older than 10 years.

• If the publication date of the theory is not within the 10-year
recency standard, find a study (published within the 10-year
recency standard) that used the theory, and use that study as the
reference for your theory.
SAMPLE
PARAGRAPH
(Theory)
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
AND RELATED STUDIES
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
AND RELATED STUDIES
Functions of related review:
- establishes the baseline information about the topic of interest.
- pinpoints the strengths and weaknesses of the studies conducted on the
topic.
- leads the researcher on the correct procedure to be followed for more
accurate results.
- highlights the importance of the investigation.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
AND RELATED STUDIES
A related literature is an article written by an authority on a topic. Related
literature usually explains the concept being investigated. However, these
literature are usually not based on empirical data.

The researcher must very carefully review the contents of these pieces of
information.

Review of Related Literature (books, articles, journals)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
AND RELATED STUDIES
Related studies, in contrast to related literature, are works based on
empirical data.
One must take careful note of the: problem, methodology, sampling plan,
instruments used, findings, and conclusion.
The researcher must explain how the study being reviewed relates to the
present study.

Review of Related Studies (theses, studies, dissertation)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
AND RELATED STUDIES
It is related to the study if:
- resemble the content of the present investigation;
- resemble the methodology and sampling plan of the present
study; and
- use the same set of factors or variables as the present study.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
AND RELATED STUDIES
 10 RRL & 10 RRS FOR EACH VARIABLE.
 RRL/S must be published within a 10-year period recency.
 Each related study/literature must be discussed in at most two (2)
paragraphs
 Fundamental topic/idea on the literature/study reviewed and
the summary/synthesis of ideas/data.

 PARAPHRASE and SYNTHESIZE

 All related studies considered must jive with the related literature
 All cited authors must also be reflected on the list of references (APA, 7 th

Ed.)
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
AND RELATED STUDIES
Organization of RRL/S:
Thematic Organization – The researchers should organize the
various materials based on similarities of their ideas and themes.
SAMPLE
PARAGRAPH
(RRS)
SAMPLE
PARAGRAPH
(RRL)
APA 7 TH
EDITION FORMAT
In-text citation and reference list must reflect each other.
APA 7 TH
EDITION FORMAT (Referencing)
Format of titles:
APA uses sentence case for all titles except for journal titles.
Begin each title and subtitle with a capital letter, but only names
should be capitalized for all titles other than journal titles.
Use hanging indention.
APA 7 TH
EDITION FORMAT (Reference)
JOURNAL ARTICLES:
Caron, T. (2008). Teaching writing as a con-artist: When is a writing
problem not? College Teaching, 56(3), 137-139.
https://doi.org/10.3200/CTCH.56.3.137-139

BOOK:
Barnet, S., Bellanca, P., & Stubbs, M. (2013). A short guide to college writing.
Pearson Education.
APA 7TH EDITION FORMAT
(In-Text Citation)
Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize,
paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation
in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your
reference list.
APA 7TH EDITION
FORMAT
(IN-TEXT CITATION)
APA 7TH EDITION
FORMAT
(REFERENCE)
WORKSHOP OUTPUT:
• Select one theory and write one sample paragraph for the
theoretical framework.
• Select two related literature with the same theme, and write a
sample paragraph for RRL.
• Select two related studies with the same theme, and write a
sample paragraph for RRS.
• Use 7th edition APA citation format, for all in-text citations.
• Include a reference list for all the literature used. Use the 7 th
edition APA referencing format.