LESSON 1:

THE
IMPORTANCE OF
RESEARCH IN
DAILY LIFE
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?
1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which
includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts
that lines an individual‘s speculation with reality.
2. Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere
beliefs, guesses or theories.
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?
3. In research a systematic and well-planned procedure
is required to meet the need in order that information is
acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness.
4. It is a process of inquiring.
 NATURE OF INQUIRY
1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or
knowledge”. It is a problem-solving technique.
2. The information and data pursued through questioning
begins with gathering by applying the different human
senses.
 NATURE OF INQUIRY
3. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry
from birth till death.
4. Inquiry is synonymous with the word
investigation.
 DIFFERENTIATE INQUIRY FROM
RESEARCH
Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’. When you
inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something
to request for truth, information, or knowledge.
Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a
system or method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles
presented), knowledge creation (a creative process).
 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
1. To inform action.
2. To prove or generate a theory.
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study.
 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN
DAILY LIFE
1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information
by conducting further investigation of the actual
condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results and
findings by proving lies and supporting the truth.
 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN
DAILY LIFE
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers
new things and issues in life. It helps us solve problems in
health, crimes, business, technology and environment.
 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN
DAILY LIFE
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share
valuable information to others as a way of recognizing
various concerns for public awareness.
 LESSON 2:
THE
CHARACTERISTICS,
PROCESSES, AND
ETHICS OF
RESEARCH
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
1. Empirical - Research is based on
direct experience or observation by
the researcher.
2. Logical - Research is based on
valid procedures and principles.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
3.Cyclical - Research is a cyclical
process because it starts with a problem
and ends with a problem.
4.Analytical - Research utilizes proven
analytical procedures in gathering the
data, whether historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study.
5. Critical - Research exhibits careful and
precise judgment.
6. Methodical - Research is conducted in a
methodical manner without bias using
systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability - The research design and
procedures are replicated or repeated to
enable the researcher to arrive at valid and
conclusive results.
 THE SEVEN STEPS OF THE
RESEARCH PROCESS
STEP 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem). Factors
to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem
1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training
 THE SEVEN STEPS OF THE
RESEARCH PROCESS
STEP 2. Find background information about your chosen
topic (Review of Related Literature).
STEP 3. Plan your research design including your sample
(Methodology).
 THE SEVEN STEPS OF THE
RESEARCH PROCESS
STEP 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions
(for qualitative research) and closed-ended questionnaire or
paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative research)
(Data Gathering Activities).
 THE SEVEN STEPS OF THE
RESEARCH PROCESS
STEP 5. Process and analyze data using thematic analysis (for
qualitative research) and statistical tools (for quantitative research).
STEP 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research)
conclusions (for quantitative research) and recommendations.
STEP 7. Define new problem
 QUIZ #1

DIRECTIONS: Analyze the given

statement in each number. Choose
the letter of the correct answer
1. Which of the following best describes the
purpose of conducting a qualitative research?
A. To explore the meaning of people's experiences,
culture, etc.
B. To examine relationships of variables.
C. To test hypotheses of the study.
D. To prove a particular theory
2. What is the first step in conducting research?
A. Analyze Data
B. Review the literature
C. Design research
D. Define research problem
3. What is the final step in doing research?
A. Define research problem
B. Formulate hypothesis
C. Interpret and Report
D. Design research
4. It is the quality of research which tells that
something is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher.
A. Empirical
B. Methodical
C. Critical
D. Analytical
5. Research is _________ if it exhibits careful and
precise judgment.

A. Empirical
B. Replicability
C. Critical
D. Methodical
6. It is defined as the scientific investigation of
phenomena that has systematic and well-planned
procedure.
A. Case Study
B. Research Study
C. Scientific Study
D. Thesis Proposal
7. In Research, when you find background
information about your chosen topic. It refers to
_______________________.
A. Statement of the Problem
B. Research Design
C. Methodology
D. Review of Related Literature
8. Research is a ____________ process because it
starts with a problem and ends with a problem.

A. Empirical
B. Replicability
C. Cyclical
D. Methodical
9. Research is conducted in a methodical
manner without bias using systematic method
and procedures.
A. Empirical
B. Replicability
C. Cyclical
D. Methodical
10. The research design and procedures are
replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to
arrive at valid and conclusive results.
A. Empirical
B. Replicability
C. Cyclical
D. Methodical
11. Inquiry is a term that is synonymous
with the word _______________.
12. Solutions to ______________ must be
based on knowledge not on mere beliefs,
guesses or theories.
13. Research is a process of
______________.
14. ___________ Research is based
on valid procedures and principles.
15. In Qualitative Research, when
you gather necessary data. The
___________ questions is being used.
 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of
research which educates and monitors researchers to ensure high
standard. It promotes the aim of research, such as expanding
knowledge and supports the values required for collaborative work,
such as mutual respect and fairness.
 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CONDUCTING
RESEARCH

1. Objectivity and integrity

2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and
dignity and protection of subjects from personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and
assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor
 What are these ethics in research?
1. Informed Consent. This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the
participants in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for
choosing them as informants and the schedule of one-on one interview at the
convenient time they are available. Participation to the study will be completely
voluntary.
 What are these ethics in research?

2. Honesty. It reports data, results, methods and

procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.
 What are these ethics in research?
3. Objectivity. Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research.
4. Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity;
strive for consistency of thought and action.
 What are these ethics in research?
5. Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and
critically examine your work and the work of peers. Keep good
records of research activities.
6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open
to criticism and new ideas.
 What are these ethics in research?
7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honor patents, copyrights,
trademarks, trade secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do
not use published or unpublished data, methods, or results without
permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize,
fabricate and falsify.
 What are these ethics in research?
8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or
grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets,
and patient records.
9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote
their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
 What are these ethics in research?
10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research
and scholarship, not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and
duplicative publication.
11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat
them fairly and do not outsmart others.
 What are these ethics in research?
12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or
mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on
the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their
scientific competence and integrity.
 What are these ethics in research?
14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional
competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning;
take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
government policies.
 What are these ethics in research?
16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in
research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human
subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human
dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards
of human behavior and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a
set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all human
beings.
2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and a
commercial value.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-

protected material without permission of the copyright holder. Copyright
infringement means that the rights accorded to the copyright holder, such as the
exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are breached by a third party.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

3. Examples of Copyright Infringement

a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre.
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission.
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit.
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into

participating in research process. Essentially, this means that
prospective research participants must be informed about the
procedures and risks involved in research and must give their
consent to participate.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing
their name or not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering
activities in which informant’s name is not given nor known.
6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships
secret. It is the ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any
research activity.
 ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH WRITING

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or

plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest error of differences of opinion.
It can erode trust between researchers and funding agencies, which
make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to
receive grants.
 ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH WRITING

Plagiarism
It refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes,
and results without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the
unauthorized use of original works, a violation of intellectual
property rights.
 ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH WRITING

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.
 LESSON 3:
QUALITATIVE VS.
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
 Similarities of Qualitative Research and
Quantitative Research
1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.
2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of
life and in giving solutions to our problems.
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
5. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.
 LESSON 4: CHARACTERISTICS,
STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES AND
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative Research is a scientific
method of observation to gather non-
numerical data. It refers to the
meanings, concepts, characteristics,
metaphors, symbols and description of
phenomena, and not to their counts or
measures. The purpose of Qualitative
Research is to promotes a deep,
holistic understanding of a particular
phenomenon.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Human understanding and interpretation in
data analysis.
2. Active, powerful and forceful in data
gathering and rephrasing interview
questions.
3. Multiple research approaches and methods
that allows you to plan your study and being
multi-method research.
4. Specificity to generalization on
specific ideas will lead to
generalizations or conclusions.
5. Contextualization - context or
situation of individual’s life.
6. Diversified data in real-life
situations on collecting data in a
natural setting.
7. Abounds with words and
visuals that presents people’s
view in a picture, video, drawing
or graphs.
8. Internal analysis on examining
the data yielded by the internal
traits of the subject persons.
 STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. It adopts a naturalistic
approach to its subject matter.
2. Promotes a full understanding
of human behavior/personality
traits in their natural setting.
3. It is instrumental for
positive societal changes.
4. It engenders respect for
people’s individuality.
5. It’s a way of understanding
and interpreting social
interactions.
6. Increases researcher’s
interests in the study.
7. Offers multiple ways of
acquiring and examining
knowledge about something
 WEAKNESSES OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. It involves a lot of
researcher’s subjectivity in
data analysis.
2. It is hard to know the
validity/reliability of the data.
3. It is open-ended questions
yield “data overload” that
requires long-time analysis.
4. It is time-consuming.
5. It involves several processes,
whose results greatly depend on
the researcher’s views or
interpretations.
 Kinds of Qualitative Research
Phenomenology
This is a “live-experienced” of a phenomenon.

Example: “Life without Gadget”

Case study
It is a long time study of a person, group, organization or
situation and an empirical inquiry that investigates current
phenomenon.
Example:
“Teenage Pregnancy in the Public High Schools”
Ethnography
It is a study of a particular cultural group.
Example: “Cultural Awareness and Integration of Peace
Education in the Indigenous Peoples (IP)
Communities”
Grounded theory
It takes place when there is a discovery of new theory which
underlies your study at the time of data collection and
analysis. Example: “The Story Behind the Migration of
Christians from Visayas and Luzon to Mindanao”
Historical Analysis
It is a qualitative method where there is an examining
of past events to draw conclusions and make
predictions about the future.
Example: “The Impact of Ferdinand Marcos’ Speech”
 LESSON 5:
THE SUBJECT MATTER OF
THE RESEARCH
 WHAT IS A RESEARCH TITLE?

1. The most important element that

defines the research problem.
2. It is usually read first and the most
read part of the research.
 WHAT IS A RESEARCH TITLE?

3. It contains the least words enough to describe

the contents and the purpose of your research
paper.
4. It can be revised any and many times as the
research develops and reach its final phase. It
becomes final on its final defense before the
panel of judges.
ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH TITLE
The research title does not need to be
entertaining but informative. A part of a
research title has the following information:
1. The subject matter or topic to be
investigated. (“What?”)
 ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH TITLE
2. The place or locale where the research is to be
conducted. (“Where?”)
3. The population like the respondents’
interviewees. (“Who”?)
4. The time period of the study during which the
data are to be collected. (“When”?)
Examples:
Subject matter: The teaching of English
Place or locale: in the high schools of
Province A
Time period: during the school year 1989-
1990
Population: as perceived by teachers and
students
Subject matter: The effects of the use of cell
phones on the academic performance
Population: to senior high school students
Place or locale: at Department of Education
Time period: during the first semester, school
year 2018-2019
 RULES IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH
TOPIC

1. Interest in the subject matter.

Interest in a subject drives you to
research, investigate, or inquire about
it with full motivation, enthusiasm,
and energy.
2. Availability of information.

Information will serve as evidence to

support your claims about your subject
matter from varied forms of literature
like books, journals, and newspapers,
among others, is a part and parcel of any
research work.
3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic.

How relevant is the topic?

a. It yields results that are useful in society
b. Related to the present. (Except for pure
or historical research)
4. Limitations on the subject.

Connect your choice with course

requirements. You need to decide
on one topic to finish your course.
5. Personal resources.

Do an assessment on your research abilities in

terms of your financial standing, health
condition, mental capacity, needed facilities, and
time schedule to enable you to complete your
research. You have to raise an amount of money
needed to spend on questionnaire printing and
interview trips.
 RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED
1. Controversial topics. It depends more on
the writer’s opinion leading to biases. Facts
cannot support this topic.
2. Highly technical subjects. Not advisable
for beginners as these topics require an
advanced study, technical knowledge, and
skills.
3. Hard-to-investigate subjects. Happens
if there are no available reading materials
about it and if such materials are not up-
to-date.
4. Too broad subjects. It prevents you
from to focus on the subject matter of the
paper. Narrow down or limit the subject
to eliminate the problem.
5. Too narrow subjects.
Subjects that are so limited where an extensive
searching is necessary.
6. Vague subjects.
Titles beginning with indefinite adjectives such as
several, many, some, etc., as in “Some Remarkable
Traits of a Filipino” or “Several People’s
Comments on the RH Law,” are vague enough to
decrease the readers’ interests and curiosity.
 SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS

1. Mass media communication – press

(newspapers, ads, TV, radio, films, etc.)
2. Books, Internet, peer-reviewed journals,
government publications
3. Professional periodicals like College English
Language Teaching Forum, English Forum,
the Economist, Academia, Business Circle,
Law Review, etc.
4. General periodicals such as Readers’ Digest,
Women’s Magazine, Panorama, Magazine,
Time Magazine, World Mission Magazine, etc.
5. Previous reading assignments in your
other subjects

6. Work experience – clues to a

researchable topic from full-time or part-
time jobs, OJT (on-the-job training)
experience, fieldwork, etc
TASK 1
A. True or False. Read the following
statements. Answer TRUE if the statement
describes a research, FALSE if you think it
is not.
1. An opinion from any person is recognized
and considered as an answer to the question
asked by the researcher.
2. A researcher must read literature that
relates to the problem he or she is studying.
3. The researcher has the final say in his
findings.
4. To have an objective view of his or her
study, the researcher should avoid
listening to another researcher.
5. There should be adequate data before
conducting a research.
Question and Answer. Directions: Answer the questions
briefly.
1. What is Research?
2. What is inquiry and its nature?
3. What is the difference between inquiry and research?

4. How important is research in your daily life

activities?
5. Why is there a need to conduct research?
 TASK 2
A. Direction: Identify what characteristic of a
researcher is being referred to in the following
statements. Choose the correct answer.
1. An experience researcher should impart
knowledge to his or her students.
a. Responsible Publication
b. Non-discrimination
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility
2. The researcher should ensure that the
participants will not be adversely affected
by the research and its results.
a. Care
b. Human subjects protection
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility.
3. Any participants to any research activity
must not be forced to take part in the
study.
a. Voluntary participation
b. Informed consent
c. Risk of harm
d. Social responsibility
4. When a paper is already submitted to a
publication, no submission to another
should be done.
a. Objectivity
b. Legality
c. Care
d. Responsible Publication
5. The researcher should be fully equipped
with research skills when conducting the
study.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Legality
d. Openness
6. All the data to be reported should
include all facts and accuracy.
a. Honesty
b. Objectivity
c. Competence
d. Care
7. Whatever agreed upon by the
participants must be actualized.
a. Integrity
b. Legality
c. Social Responsibility
d. Responsible Publication
8. The researchers should accept all
comments and considerations.
a. Openness
b. Respect for intellectual property
c. Non-discrimination
d. Responsible mentoring
9. Informed consent for a participant is best
exemplified in which of the following actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately
b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter
d. Using a padrino system
10. Confidentiality of a participant is best
exemplified in which of the following actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name
in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the
Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture
TASK 3
A. Direction: Determine whether each word or
group of words indicates Qualitative Research
or Quantitative Research.

1. Naturalistic
2. To validate the already constructed theory
3. Hypothesis
4. Multiple Methods
5. No criteria
6. Pure words, phrases, sentences, compositions
and stories are used in data analysis
7. Open-Ended Questions
8. Highly-structured Research
9. Objective
10. Subjective
B. Direction: Using a Venn Diagram,
illustrate the differences and similarities
between a quantitative and qualitative
method of research.