THE

SENTENCES

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GOALS OF SECTION 9.1

IDENTIFY SIMPLE APPLY THEM IN

AND COMPOUND THE RIGHT
SENTENCES CONTEXT

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Content
Clauses

The categories of sentences (based on structure)

The types of sentences (based on function)

• Simple sentences
• Compound sentences
• Complex sentences
• Compound-complex sentences

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 1. What is a clause?
А сlаusе in grаmmаr in its simplеst fоrm is а subjесt, plus а
vеrb. Thе subjесt is thе pеrsоn thаt “fоrms” thе sеntеnсе асtiоn
аnd thе vеrb is thе асtiоn thе subjесt cоmplеtеs.

2. Whаt is аn indеpеndеnt clаusе?

Аn indеpеndеnt сlаusе in а sеntеnсе mау stаnd аlоnе. In its
smаllеst fоrm, it inсludеs а subjесt аnd а vеrb. Instеаd, а сlаusе
I. Clauses саn inсludе mоdifеrs аnd а prеdiсаtе vеrb. It is а соmplеtе
thоught аnd thе smаllеst sуntасtiсаllу ассurаtе unit оf grаmmаr.
An independent clause is a simple sentence.

3. Whаt аrе а dеpеndеnt clаusе?

Dеpеndеnt сlаusеs invоlvе а subjесt аnd а vеrb. Wе саn’t stаnd
аs аn individuаl thinking аlоnе, thоugh. Tо bе grаmmаtiсаllу
right, thеу must bе jоinеd with а sеpаrаtе сlаusе.
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 Four basic categories of sentences

DECLARATIVE INTERROGATIVE IMPERATIVE EXCLAMATORY

SENTENCES SENTENCES SENTENCES SENTENCES

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 Forms Examples
1. A statement/ Affirmative: The man works at the weekend.
A declarative Negative: The man doesn’t work at the weekend.
sentence
2. A question/ Yes/ No Questions
An interrogative Does the man work at the weekend?
sentence
Negative Yes/ No Questions
Haven’t you cleaned the bathroom?

II. Categories Question-word Questions

 QW as Subject:
of Sentences Who has built this house?
 QW as Subject complement:
(based on Who is that woman?
 QW as Object:
structure) Who did you meet yesterday?
 QW as Adverbial:
When did you see her?

Tag Questions:
It’s very cold, isn’t it?
She comes from France, doesn’t she?
I didn’t give you the message, did I?

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Some special cases of Tag questions
1. There were a lot of guests in that shop, weren’t they?
2. I am right, aren’t I?
3. That was lucky, wasn’t it?
4. Close the door, will you?
5. Let’s go for a walk, shall we?
6. Everyone deserves a pay rise, don’t they?
7. Someone rang earlier, didn’t they?
8. Nothing ever happens here, does it?

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3. A command/ Open the door.
An imperative sentence Don’t open the door.

4. An exclamatory sentence How + Adjective/ Adverb + (Pro)noun + Verb!

How wonderful it is!
How fast he is running!

What + Noun Phrase + (Pro)noun + Verb!

What a lovely day it is!
What a journey we had!

An exclamation can also be just a phrase with how or what.

How lucky! What a journey! What lovely flowers!

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 The types of sentences

THE SIMPLE THE COMPOUND THE COMPLEX COMPOUND-

SENTENCES SENTENCES SENTENCES COMPLEX SENTENCES

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1. The simple sentences

A simple sentence is a complete unit of meaning which

contains a subject and a verb. A sentence typically begins
with a capital letter and ends with a full stop.

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 Verbs Examples
Intransitive Subject + verb. She arrived.
Transitive Subject + verb + object. She met him yesterday.
Transitive Subject + verb + O1 + O2 She gave her mom a present.
with 2 objects Subject + verb + O2 + She gave a present to her mom.
TO/ FOR + O1
She made him a cake.
She made a cake for him.
Verbs with TO bring, give,
/ lend, pay, post, sell, show, tell, write, etc.
Verbs with FOR buy, choose, cook, cut, do, fetch, find, get, make, order, etc.
Mom cooked a lovely meal for me. (=for me to enjoy)
Two meanings of FOR I’ll cook the dinner for you.
(on your behalf)
Verbs + Object + TO admit, announce, declare, demonstrate, describe, entrust,
introduce, mention, propose, prove, repeat, report, say,
suggest, etc.

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Linking Subject + verb + subject complement This chicken tastes delicious.
A complement can be:
- an adjective Mike is intelligent.
- a noun Mike is an astronaut.
- an adjective + noun Mike is an intelligent astronaut.
- a pronoun This house is hers.
- ad adverb of place or time The meeting is here at 1 o’clock.
- a prepositional phrase Sarah is like her mom.
Popular linking verbs appear, be, become, feel, get, look,
remain, seem, sound, taste, turn, etc.
Subject + Verb + Object + Object complement They made him a star.
They made him very famous.
They made him interested.

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 A sentence may be expanded by using adverbials.

subject verb object adverbials

How Where When What…for
She ran quickly.
They bought a cake at the store yesterday.
He studied English to go
overseas.
A face appeared at the
window.

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2. The compound sentences
A compound sentence is made when we join two or more
simple sentences. The words we use to join sentences are
(coordinating) conjunctions.

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Conjunctions Examples
Co-ordinating reason We rarely stay in hotels, for we can’t afford it.
Conjunctions for
addition He washed the car and polished it.
and
continuation He washed the car and then polished it.
and then
choice You can park your car here on the drive or on the road.
or, nor We didn’t get to the castle, nor did we see the cathedral.
contrast She sold her house, but/ yet (she) can’t help regretting it.
but, yet
result He couldn’t find his pen, so he wrote in pencil.
so
Correlative not only… but also… I’m not only going to the concert, but also meeting the band backstage!
Conjunctions Not only will I see your $10, but also raise you $20.
either… or…. I want either the cheesecake or the chocolate cake.
neither… nor… Oh, you want neither the cheesecake nor the chocolate cake? No
problem.
both… and… Both Jon and Lauren enjoyed the movie. (subjects)
Jon enjoyed both the movie and the company. (objects)

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