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Destructive Test

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32 views

Destructive Test

Uploaded by

pradeepnalla830
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATERIAL

TESTING AND
CHARACTERIZATI
ON TECHNIQUES
IMPORTANT CONTENT
Destructive Testing
Non-Destructive Testing
Microscopic Techniques
Macroscopy
DESTRUCTIVE TEST
DESTRUCTIVE TEST
 In Destructive Test we break the specimen
and find out the mechanical properties of
specimen.
 Types of destructive Tests:

1. Tensile test
2. Compression test
3. Hardness test
4. Impact test
5. Cupping test
Tensile test
 Tensile test perform on UTM ( Universal testing machine)
 In this test tensile force is applied on specimen by using UTM.
UNIVERSAL TESTING
MACHINE
SELECTION OF SPECIMEN
 Shape of specimen Circular Cross-section,
Square Cross-section , Rectangular Cross-section
 It should have Uniform Cross-section.

 Avoid the sharp corner on specimen.


GAUGE LENGTH
 It is the fix length and its length 5 times to diameter
of specimen.
STRESS VS STRAIN GRAPH
THE FOLLOWING MATERIAL
PROPERTY CAN FIND OUT BY USING
TENSILE TEST
 Strength

 Ductility

 Elasticity

 Stiffness

 Malleability

 Modules of toughness
 Modules of resileness
APPLICATION
 In aerospace industry.( adhesive bonds, carpets, cables,
gaskets, hoses, seat belts, wiring looms)
 In Automotive Industry ( seat belt, handbrake levers,
bumper moldings )
 In Electrical and Electronics Industry (electrical wires
, PCB)
 Medical Equipment and Materials Industry (surgical
tubes , surgical gloves, silicone rubbers)
 Metals and Construction Industry (adhesives, sealants,
mastics, and between layers of brick and foam)
ENGINEERING STRESS
 It is define as load applied on material to its original
cross-section area.

Load Applied
 Engg. Stress= -----------------------------
 Original Cross- Section Area

P
σ = ---------------------------

A0
ENGINEERING STRAIN
 Change in length to original length of specimen.

Change in length
 Strain = ……………………….

Original length of specimen

dl
e = ------------------------------------------
l
TRUE STRESS
 It is define as instantaneous load to the actual cross
section area of specimen at that instant.

Instantaneous value of load ( Pi)



True Stress(σT) = ----------------------------------------------------
Actual cross section area of specimen at that instant ( Ai)
TRUE STRAIN
 It is the summation of all engineering strain from instant
to instant.
STRESS VS. STRAIN CURVE
ELASTIC LIMIT
 The deformation of material is elastic beyond the elastic
limit the deformation is permanent.
PROPORTIONAL STRESS
 Proportional stress is also called as proportional limit. It
is the maximum value of stress up to which stress is
directly proportional to strain.
YIELD STRESS
 The point at which material starting yielding that point is
called as yield point
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRESS ( UTS)
 It is the maximum value of stress that material can
sustain without failure
BREAKING STRESS( FAILURE STRESS)
 The value of stress at which material get break . It is
always lower than ultimate tensile stress.
TOUGHNESS
 Toughness is the total amount of energy absorb by the
material before the fracture.
TOUGHNESS
RESILIENCE
 Its define as total amount of energy absorb by the
material during its elastic deformation.
DUCTILITY
 It is ability of material to undergoes plastic deformation at
ease under applied load.

 Ductility expressed by
1. Percentage of elongation
2. Percentage of reduction in area
Change in length
Percentage of elongation=---------------------------- * 100
Original length
Change in CA
Percentage of RA = ---------------------------- * 100
Original CA
MALLEABILITY
 It is the capacity of material to withstand deformation
under compression without failure.
 It is associated with compression force.
COMPRESSION TEST
 Compression test is exactly opposite to tensile test.
 In this test compressive force applied on the
specimen.
SELECTION OF SPECIMEN
 Shape of specimen Circular Cross-section,
Square Cross-section , Rectangular Cross-section
 It should have Uniform Cross-section.

 Avoid the sharp corner on specimen.

 L/ D = ( 1.5 to 10) =2
LIMITATION OF COMPRESSION TEST
 Top and bottom face should be flat and
parallel.
 Accurate measurement of strain is
impossible.
 A machine higher capacity can not used
for testing small sample and machine of
lower capacity can not be used for testing
large sample.
 During loading careful attention is
required.
 Not useful for ductile metals.
HARDNESS
 It is the ability of material which is the resist the plastic
deformation.

1. Poldi Hardness test


2. Brinell Hardness test
3. Vicker Hardness test
4. Rockwell Hardness test
BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
BALL INDENTOR AND SPECIMEN
BHN
PILLING UP AND SINKING EFFECT
VICKER HARDNESS TEST
VICKER HARDNESS TEST
INDENTOR
VICKER FORMULA ( VHN)
ADVANTAGES
 More accurate than brinnel.
 Indentor made by diamond so it doesn’t deform.

 Thin material can easily test.

 It use for hard material.


DISADVANTAGES
 Specimen should be free form dust and greese.
 Material high surface finish is required.

 Impression size is so small as compared brinnel.

 Cost of indentor is high.


POLDI HARDNESS TEST
CALCULATION FOR HARDNESS
NUMBER
ADVANTAGES
 Portable
 Required less time.

 Low cost.

 Can easily use for large size specimen


DISADVANTAGES
 Required Skill Operator
 May be happen manual error.

 Cant use for hard and thin material.

 Tungsten ball may deform.


ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
Minor Major Total
Scale Indenter Application
Load Load Load

A Cemented carbides, thin steel


Diamond
10 50 60 and shallow case hardened
cone
steel
1/16"(1.588 Copper alloys, soft steels,
B mm) steel 10 90 100 aluminum alloys, malleable
ball irons, etc
Diamond Steel, hard cast irons, case
C 10 140 150
cone hardened steel

Thin steel and medium case


Diamond
D 10 90 100 hardened steel and pearlitic
cone
malleable iron

Cast iron, aluminum and


1/8" steel
E 10 90 100 magnesium alloys, bearing
ball
metals
Annealed copper alloys, thin soft
F 1/16" steel ball 10 50 60
sheet metals

Phosphor bronze, beryllium copper,


G 1/16" steel ball 10 140 150 malleable irons HRH . . . .
Aluminum, zinc, lead

H 1/8" steel ball 10 50 60 aluminium alloys,Mg alloy

K 1/8" steel ball 10 140 150

L 1/4" steel ball 10 50 60

M 1/4" steel ball 10 90 100


Soft bearing metals, plastics and
P 1/4" steel ball 10 140 150
other very soft materials
R 1/2" steel ball 10 50 60

S 1/2" steel ball 10 90 100

V 1/2" steel ball 10 140 150


FORMULA
 For brale indenter: 100 - Depth of penetration
---------------------------------------
0.002

 For ball indenter: 130 - Depth of penetration


---------------------------------------
0.002
ADVANTAGES
 In this test both type of indentor is used which combine
advantages of brinell and vickers test.
 Thick as well as thin material can test.

 no specimen preparation required (separation, grinding,


embedding)
 Hardness value directly readable, no optical evaluation
required (measurement of diagonals as in the optical
methods)
LIMITATIONS
 It is not always the most accurate hardness testing
method, as even a slight error in measuring the depth
difference can result in a significant error in the
calculated hardness value.
 Required Skill operator.

 Not suitable for elastic material.

 Periodic calibration of indenter is necessary.


DUROMETER
IMPACT TEST
 This test is use to find out toughness.
 Toughness is the total amount of energy absorb by the
material before the fracture.
 Type of Impact Test:

1. Charpy Impact Test


2. Izod Impact Test
TOUGHNESS
CHARPY IMPACT TEST
CHARPY IMPACT TEST
SPECIMEN WITH DIFFERENT NOTCHES
SPECIMEN MOUNTING
HEIGHT H1 AND H2
IZODE IMPACT TEST
SPECIMEN
SPECIMEN MOUNTING
HOW TO CALCULATE THE TOUGHNESS
VALUE
 Toughness: W( h1 – h2)

W: Weight of pendulum
h1: Original height of pendulum
h2 : Swinging height of pendulum

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