VOLCANIC

ERUPTION

Explain what happens when

volcanoes erupt (S9ES-IIIb27)
LET US REVIEW
Guide Questions:
1. What is a volcano?
2. What are the different types of volcano?
3. How is a volcano formed?
4. What is the difference between active and
inactive volcano?
5. How will you differentiate the types of
volcanic eruption?
 Facts About Volcanoes
• More than 80% of the Earth’s surface is volcanic in origin.
• Mountains and seafloors were formed by volcanic eruptions.
• Volcanoes’ gaseous emission formed the Earth’s atmosphere.
• The danger zone around volcano covers about 32.187 km radius.
• Volcanic lightning is caused by friction between the ash particles moving
rapidly to the surface.
• Volcanic eruption can trigger earthquake, mudflow, rock falls, flash floods
and tsunamis.
• Volcanic ash is a mixture of rock fragments, glass particles, and minerals
thrown out from erupting volcano. It is acidic and has a sharp edges.
 Facts About Taal Volcano Eruption in 2020
• Location: Batangas (Taal)
• Status: Second most active volcano
• Features: Caldera (Has water/lake within a lake)
• Eruption Started on: January 12, 2020
• Ended on: January 22, 2020
• Last eruption: 1977 (43 years ago)
• Type of eruption: Phreatomagmatic (main crater) has water in
it.
 Olympus Mons
• There is a volcano
on Mars called
Olympus Mons
which rises nearly
25 kilometers above
the Martian surface.
It is almost 3 times
as tall as Mount
Everest.
1. What is the composition of

MAGMA AND ITS

COMPOSITION
magma and how is it formed?

2. How do temperature and

composition of magma affect
viscosity?
LESSON’S MAP

composition Dissolved basaltic explosive Pressure Respiratory

gases from gases diseases
pressure mineral andesitic Effusive or Additional
Burns, death
non- magma in
of living
explosive the chamber
temperature Fragmented rhyolitic things,
rocks deformity,
crop failure
 • Magma is the molten rock which
MAGMA AND ITS

lies underneath volcanoes. It is

COMPOSITION

formed at destructive plate

boundaries and is rich in silicate.
These are products of crustal rocks
(which are richer in silica than the
rock of the mantle).
 Crystal Content
• Some magmas begin to crystallize
MAGMA AND ITS
COMPOSITION

as they reach the surface. High

temperature minerals are formed as
magma slowly cools down followed
by low temperature minerals.
Magma always contains crystals of
high temperature.
 Viscosity
The magma’s silica content affects its
viscosity, the resistance of the fluid to flow.
MAGMA AND ITS
COMPOSITION

Low viscosity magma has low silica content

and is composed mostly of basalt. While
magma with rhyolite is viscous or high in
viscosity due to its high silica content.
Temperature also affects the viscosity of the
magma. Magma with high temperatures
have low viscosity while magma with low
temperatures have high viscosity.
 Temperature
Temperature of magma reflects the
melting points of their mineral
MAGMA AND ITS
COMPOSITION

components. Magmas formed by

partial melting of mantle rocks are
much hotter over 1200˚C for some
basalts. Rhyolites that reached the
surface have temperature of less than
900 ˚ C and have a much higher
viscosity.
 Volatile Content
Magma contains small amounts of dissolved gas (water vapor, Carbon dioxide,
etc.) which is released as pressure is removed. Magmas formed by melting of
MAGMA AND ITS
COMPOSITION

mantle rocks have generally low volatile contents, but those formed by partial
melting of crustal rocks are often volatile-rich. The degree of concentrations of
different volcanic gases are different from one volcano to the other. Water vapor
is the most abundant volcanic gas, followed by carbon dioxide and sulfur
dioxide. There are other volcanic gases such as hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen
chloride, and hydrogen fluoride. Trace gases are also found in volcanic
emissions, and these are: hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and volatile metal
chloride. The movement of this volatile content is affected by the viscosity of
the magma. As the gas continues to precipitate from the high viscosity magma,
the bubbles will be prevented from rapidly breaking out resulting to the increase
in pressure on the magma column. This causes the volcano to erupt explosively.
 Magma can be classified into basaltic or mafic,
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
intermediate or andesitic and granitic or felsic.
MAGMA
 3. What
happens
when there
is a
volcanic
eruption?
FINDING THE
SEQUENCE!
FINDING THE
SEQUENCE!

3
1
5
4
2
4. What are the
materials
emitted during
a volcanic
eruption and
how do these
materials affect
human beings
and other
living things?
 Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic
activity that poses potential threat to people and property.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS AND

During major explosive

eruptions, large amounts of volcanic gas, aerosol droplets,
THEIR EFFECTS

and ash are injected into the stratosphere. Tephra or

fragmented volcanic debris are violently ejected into the
atmosphere and can extend to tens of kilometers above.
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is also dispersed into the
atmosphere that leads to global warming. On the other
hand, sulfur dioxide can cause global cooling, ozone
destruction and air pollution.
 •Ash fall –
pulverized rocks,
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
AND THEIR EFFECTS

sand, gritty and

harsh glasses
shoot out in the air
by volcano.
 Mud flow –
mixture of water,
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
AND THEIR EFFECTS

molten rocks and

debris flowing
down from the
side of volcano to
the ground. It is
also called as
Lahar.
 Lava flow –
streams of molten
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
AND THEIR EFFECTS

rocks and other

fragmented
materials emitted
by erupting
volcano.
 Pyroclastic flow –
fast moving hot
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
AND THEIR EFFECTS

mixtures of gas,
ash, and molten
rocks moving away
from the volcano to
the ground.
Why do people live near
volcanoes?
Why do people live near
volcanoes?
 BEFORE
Know the facts about volcanoes in your area like
danger zones and history of eruptions.
PRECAUTIONARY

Know the location of designated evacuation site.

Listen to the announcement of your authorities.
MEASURES

Stock clean and safe drinking water and other food

supplies.
 DURING
Stay inside your homes and keep doors and windows
close.
PRECAUTIONARY

Secure you water and food supplies.

Wear mask, eye googles or face shield if you need to go
out.
MEASURES

Do not go near the danger zones.

Listen to the news via television or radio devices.
Obey the evacuation orders of the authorities.
 AFTER
Assess the situation if it is safe to go out.
Check the perimeter of your house for any possible
PRECAUTIONARY

damage.
Clean and remove the volcanic ashes in the roof,
MEASURES

gutters, and windows.

Replace contaminated water and food supplies.
Stay updated in news and announcements from your
authorities.
 COPY AND ANSWER IN
YOUR NOTEBOOK
MAGIC SQUARE

Read and identify the term described in

each number. Write the number of the
definition or description in the square
with appropriate term. Check your
answers by adding up the numbers to see
if the sum of all rows, both across and
down add up the same magic number.
MAGIC SQUARE
 1. Hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust.
2. Molten materials given off when a volcano erupts.
3. It refers to the resistance of fluids to flow.
MAGIC SQUARE

4. Magma produced from direct melting of mantle. It has low silicate

content and rich in iron and magnesium.
5. It refers to continuous physical force exerted on or against an object
by something in contact with it.
6. The measure of hotness and coldness of an object.
7. Volcanic __________ refers to throwing out of molten materials,
steam other materials from the volcano.
8. A hot spring in which water intermittently boils, sending a tall
column of water and steam into the air.
 9. An opening on the ground that contains water with high temperature
compared to its surrounding area.
10. _________ eruption where magma flows out from inside the Earth to
MAGIC SQUARE

the surface and onto the ground.

11. The gaseous phase of water.
12. It refers to a substance that evaporates quickly.
13. An area in the mantle where rocks melt to form magma.
14. Silicate rich magma with highest viscosity.
15. Particles ejected from erupting volcano that consists of fragmented
rocks.
16. __________ magma refers to the product of partial melting of mantle. It
has an average content of materials and temperature.
¼ SHEET OF PAPER

15 – items