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Brief History of Philosophy

Ppt on the Brief History of Philosophy(Source: Intro to Philo of a Human Person published by DIWA

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Chel nadera
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59 views10 pages

Brief History of Philosophy

Ppt on the Brief History of Philosophy(Source: Intro to Philo of a Human Person published by DIWA

Uploaded by

Chel nadera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Brief History

of Philosophy
6th Century BC – Thales (Earth floats in water.)
Anaximander – universe is formed from the
Pre – philosophical Period boundless (Greek – apeiron) which is both the
first principle (arche) and the substance
(stoicheion) of the universe.
Anaximenes – air is the fundamental element
Miletians

Origin of things/Occurrences in Nature


Folklores, Myths, Legends
(ancient Babylonians, Chinese,
Hindus, Egyptians and Greeks)
Pre – Socratic Period
Heraclitus – claimed the “unity of Answer the problem of
opposites” in characterizing the cosmos.
Pythagoras & how to save the
Xenophanes – claimed that there is a intellectual and moral life
single god. He suggested that if gods are the Pythagoreans
of the nation, which was
“human – like”, “ then horses, oxen and
lions would have gods as well.
threatened by materialism
Continued the Miletian claim of a single, and skepticism.
proper substance Most flourishing: 3 famous Philosophers

Cosmos is a structured system ordered by numbers.


Nature can be quantified
Main concern: Nature of
Heraclitus of Ephesus phenomena or what Socrates
and constitutes the cosmos
Xenophanes of Colophon and the
Points of view: observation
and analysis – “scientific”
Socratic Schools
• Plato’s Dialogues
• Best known for the “elenchus” or the
Socratic Method
• Socratic Method – question and answer
which aims to provoke the one being asked
to think himself or herself and to clarify his or
Socrates her conception about what is asked.
• Regarded as the one who urged self –
examination
• Claimed that “the unexamined life is not
worth living”
• Completion and extension of the philosophy
of Socrates
• Socrates: knowledge through concepts is the
only true knowledge; Plato: concept/idea is
the only true reality
• Philosophy is the science of the idea
Plato • Dialogues (contains his philosophical ideas)
• The Republic (one of his famous works) 1.
social and political philosophy, 2. Philosopher
Kings (Greek to flourish), 3. justice is best
manifested if persons would do what is suited
to each of his or her soul.
• Encourage to seek: what is good, what is true
and what is beautiful (beyond appearances:
Senses are often deceitful)
• Described as an opposition to the Platonic
philosophical tradition.
• Believes that the perceptual and cognitive
faculties of people are dependable
• Human beings philosophize because they
wonder about the world, and as they do, more
things of their experience appear puzzling.
• Aim of philosophy is truth and senses will lead
a person in direct contact with the world
• His method focuses on analyzing phenomena
or experience and proving credible opinions
Aristotle about these experiences to arrive at adequate
proof.
o Philosophers in this period used philosophy as a handmaid of theology.
o Concerned with proving God’s existence and understanding what is man
in relation with God
o Scholasticism directed its inquiry on how reason can be used to provide
proofs that God exists.
o (Attempt) Reconcile Greek Philosophy and Christian Theology
Confluence of Faith and Reason

o St. Anselm – ontological argument for the existence of God in


Proslogion
o St. Augustine – promoted “the argument by analogy” against
solipsism (philosophical idea that only one’s own existence is
Medieval Period: the only thing that is real
o St. Thomas Aquinas – “Summa Theologica” (explain his views
Scholasticism on the creation and government of the universe among
others)
Aside from reason, experience
is also a source of knowledge
Modern Period: Rationalism Five senses – connected to the
world can be used to determine
what can be known

Rene Descartes, Baruch Spinoza,


and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
 Reason is the sole source of knowledge
 Verification of truth – Correspondence
Theory of Truth Modern Period: Empiricism
 Types of knowledge are limited to analytic
or formal knowledge of Mathematics and
Logic
Immanuel Kant
&
Synthetic a Priori
knowledge
 Critique of Pure Reason, examined the extent to
which human reason is capable of a priori
(formed beforehand) knowledge.
 Goal: criticize reason by reason itself to
establish a secure and consistent basis for
science, religion and morality.
o Logical analysis of language to solve the problems which beset
philosophy
o Espouse a method of verification which only accepts as meaningful and
true those which can be investigated by science
Analytic Tradition

Continental Tradition
o Scientific method is insufficient to provide an
explanation of the world.
Contemporary Period o Takes into account the conceptions of the past
and the views that any analysis is contextualized
in history.

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