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TO PI C N A M E :- C O N C EPT
OF G MD A N D G MR
C O N C EPT O F SELF-G M D A N D M U TU A L-G M D
◾ The use of self geometrical mean distance (abbreviated as self-GMD) and mutual geometrical
mean distance (mutual-GMD) simplifies the inductance calculations, particularly relating to multi
conductor arrangements.The symbols used for these are respectively Ds and Dm.We shall briefly
discuss these terms.
◾ (i) Self-GMD (Ds)

In order to have concept of self-GMD (also sometimes called Geometrical mean radius;
GMR), consider the expression for inductance per conductor per metre already derived in Art.
Inductance/conductor/m
SELF G M D
◾ In this expression, the term 2x 10-7 (1/4) is the inductance due to flux within the solid conductor.
For many purposes, it is desirable to eliminate this term by the introduction of a concept called
self-GMD or GMR. If we replace the original solid conductor by an equivalent hollow cylinder with
extremely thin walls, the current is confined to the conductor surface and internal conductor flux
linkage would be almost zero. Consequently, inductance due to internal flux would be zero and the
term 2x 10x (1/4) shall be eliminated.The radius of this equivalent hollow cylinder must be
sufficiently smaller than the physical radius of the conductor to allow room for enough additional
flux to compensate for the absence of internal flux linkage. It can be proved mathematically that
for a solid round conductor of radius r, the self-GMD or GMR-0-7788 r. Using self-GMD, the eq. (i)
becomes: Inductance/conductor/m2 10-7log, d/ D s
◾ Where,
Ds-GMR or self-GMD-0-7788 г
It may be noted that self-GMD of a conductor depends upon the size and shape of the conductor
and is independent of the spacing between the conductors.
MUTUAL GMD

◾ (ii) Mutual-G M D

The mutual-GMD is the geometrical mean of the distances form one conductor to the other
and, therefore, must be between the largest and smallest such distance. In fact, mutual- GMD
simply represents the equivalent geometrical spacing.
(a)The mutual-GMD between two conductors (assuming that spacing between conductors is
large compared to the diameter of each conductor) is equal to the distance between.Their
centres i.e.
D mspacing between conductors = d
(b) For a single circuit 3-0 line, the mutual-GMD is equal to the equivalent equilateral spacing
i.e., (dı da
da
IN D U C TA N C E FO R M U LA S IN T ER M S O F G M D
◾ Inductance Formulas in Terms of G M D

The inductance formulas developed in the previous articles can be conveniently expressed in terms
of geometrical mean distances.
C O N C EPT O F G M D A N D G M R

◾ GMD & GMR stands for Geometrical Mean Distance and Geometrical Mean Radius.This concept
is
very useful in Power System for the calculation of Inductance and Capacitance of Transmission Line.

Basically, as we know that Geometrical Mean of n numbers a¹, a², a³......an is (a¹,a²,a³,a⁴,....an)¹/n.

The same concept is also used for the calculation of GMD and GMR. In GMD we take the
Geometrical Mean of distances between the strands of two Transmission Lines while in GMR,
Geometrical Mean of distances between the stands of a single composite conductor are calculated.
GMD AN D GMR

◾ Let us assume two composite conductors used in Transmission Line as shown in figure
below

As shown in the figure above, one conductor is Go and another is Return for current for single phase
line. The current is assumed to be equally divided among all the strands of a conductor.
GMD AN D GMR

◾ Therefore,
Current carried by each strand in Go conductor = I/n

Current carried by each strand in Return conductor = -

1/m Here I is the total current carried by each
conductor.
Now, we will calculate the GMD and GMR for the
configuration of the conductors shown in figure above.

For getting the GMD, first we need to calculate the distance between the strands of Go and
Return conductors.
GMD AN D GMR
◾ Let,
D 11 D istance between the 1 strand of Go and Return conductor
D12 Distance between the 1 strand of Go and 2nd strand of Return conductor
D21 Distance between the 2nd strand of Go and 1st strand of Return conductor
Dmn = Distance between the m”strand of Go and nth strand of Return
conductor Thus the Geometrical mean of above distances i.e. GMD,

Geometrical Mean Radius of a solid conductor or a strand of radius R is defined as the factious
radius R’ having no internal flux linkage but having the same inductance as the original conductor of
radius R. R=0.7788R
M ET H O D FO R C A LC U LAT IN G G M R O F A
C O M PO S IT E C O N D U C TO R :
◾ For calculating GMR, first we find the distance between the individual strands. Thus if there are
n strands in a composite conductor then obviously there will be n² distances between the
strands.

◾ Let us now consider an example to make our concept clear.As shown in figure below, go
conductor contain three strands of radius 2.5 mm while the return conductor contains two of
radius 5mm.
G M R M AT H E M AT I C A L

◾ GMR of individual strands in Go conductor R = 0.7788xR = 0.7788×2.5 =

1.947mm

GMR of Go Conductor = [(1.947x6x12)(1.947x6x6) (1.947x6x12)]1/ = 0.4809m

Similarly,
GMR of individual strands in Return conductor R’ = 0.7788R = 0.7788 * 5mm =
0.003894 m
THANK
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