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Ch5 Sampling

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3 views

Ch5 Sampling

Uploaded by

bezam2022
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sample Designs and Sampling Procedures

Sampling Terminology
• Sample
• Population or universe
• Population element
• Census
Sample
• Subset of a larger population
Population
• Any complete group
– People
– Sales territories
– Stores
Census
• Investigation of all individual elements that
make up a population
Stages in the Define the target population
Selection
of a Sample Select a sampling frame

Determine if a probability or nonprobability


sampling method will be chosen

Plan procedure
for selecting sampling units

Determine sample size

Select actual sampling units

Conduct fieldwork
Target Population
• Relevant population

• Operationally define

• Comic book reader?


Sampling Frame
• A list of elements from which the sample may
be drawn
• Working population
• Sampling frame error: the error that happens
when we use the wrong sampling frame
Sampling Units
• Group selected for the sample
• Primary Sampling Units (PSU)
• Secondary Sampling Units
• Tertiary Sampling Units
Errors Associated with Sampling

• Sampling frame error


• Random sampling error
• Nonresponse error
Two Major Categories of Sampling
• Probability sampling
• Known, nonzero probability for every element
• Nonprobability sampling
• Probability of selecting any particular member
is unknown
Nonprobability Sampling
• Convenience
• Judgment
• Quota
• Snowball
Probability Sampling
• Simple random sample
• Systematic sample
• Stratified sample
• Cluster sample
• Multistage area sample
Convenience Sampling

• Also called haphazard or accidental sampling


• The sampling procedure of obtaining the
people or units that are most conveniently
available
Judgment Sampling
• Also called purposive sampling
• An experienced individual selects the sample
based on his or her judgment about some
appropriate characteristics required of the
sample member
Quota Sampling
• Ensures that the various subgroups in a
population are represented on pertinent
sample characteristics
• To the exact extent that the investigators
desire
• It should not be confused with stratified
sampling.
Snowball Sampling
• A variety of procedures
• Initial respondents are selected by probability
methods
• Additional respondents are obtained from
information provided by the initial
respondents
Simple Random Sampling
• A sampling procedure that ensures that each
element in the population will have an equal
chance of being included in the sample
Systematic Sampling
• A simple process
• Every nth name from the list will be drawn
Stratified Sampling
• Probability sample
• Subsamples are drawn within different strata
• Each stratum is more or less equal on some
characteristic
• Do not confuse with quota sample
Cluster Sampling
• The purpose of cluster sampling is to sample
economically while retaining the
characteristics of a probability sample.
• The primary sampling unit is no longer the
individual element in the population
• The primary sampling unit is a larger cluster of
elements located in proximity to one another
Examples of Clusters

Population Element Possible Clusters in the United States

Ethiopian. adult population Regions


Zones
woredas
Kebeles
Housholds
What is the
Appropriate Sample Design?
• Degree of accuracy
• Resources
• Time
• Advanced knowledge of the population
• Need for statistical analysis
Sample size
2 Where:

 zs  n = Sample size

n  Z = The confidence interval in standard error


units.
E S = Sample standard deviation
p = Estimated proportion of success

Z pq
2 q = (1-p) or estimated the proportion of

n
failures
E = The maximum allowance for error

E 2 between population mean and sample mean


or between population proportion and sample
proportion
Sample Size Formula - Example
• Suppose, in the same example as the one before,
the range of error (E) is acceptable at $4.00,
sample size is reduced.

 zs   1.9629.00
2 2

n    
E  4.00 
2
 56.84 
   14 . 212
 202
 4.00 
Calculating sample size for proportion
• Proportion

p = .6 ( 1. 96 ) 2 (. 6 )(. 4 )
n =
q = .4 ( . 035 ) 2
(3. 8416 )(. 24 )
=
001225
. 922
=
. 001225
= 753
For known population

• n=
Where, n= sample size

• N= size of the
population

• e= level of precision
Sample Size for unknown
Proportion

Z pq2

n
E 2
2
z pq
n= 2
E
Where:
n = Number of items in samples

Z2 = The square of the confidence interval


in standard error units.

p = Estimated proportion of success

q = (1-p) or estimated the proportion of failures

E2 = The square of the maximum allowance for error


between the true proportion and sample proportion
or zsp squared.
TYPE OF ACTOR LOCAL BUSINESS ANALOGUE

Top leadership • Individual business leaders


• Military/ political/ • National chamber of
religious commerce
• Leaders with high • Sectorial apex organizations
visibility • Leading company COEs
Level 1
Middle range leadership • Small to medium-size

Affected population
• Leaders respected in sectors entrepreneurs
• Ethnic/ religious leaders • Regional chamber of
• Academics/ intellectuals
•
commerce
Humanitarian leaders
(NGOs) Level 2 • Regional business leaders

Grassroots Leadership • Shop owners


• Local leaders • Traders including informal
• Leaders of indigenous NGOs
• Community Developers
sector
• Local Health Officials • Market stall owners
• IDP Camp leaders Level 3 • Small scale associations

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