6.1 Digestion and Absorption STUDENT
6.1 Digestion and Absorption STUDENT
http://medcell.med.yale.edu/systems_cell_biology_old/gi/im
ages/small_intestine.jpg
4. An electron micrograph at
very higher magnification: the http://medcell.med.yale.edu/systems_cell_biology_ol
d/gi/images/villus.jpg
microvilli on the surface of a
single villus can be seen, they
further increase the surface area By Chris Paine
available for absorption.
https://bioknowledgy.weebly.com/
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/zo250/brush_border.gif
Understandings
Statements Guidance
The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle of the small intestine
6.1.U1
mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut.
Students should know that amylase,
The pancreas secretes enzymes lipase and an endopeptidase are
6.1.U2 into the lumen of the small secreted by the pancreas. The name
intestine. trypsin and the method used to
activate it are not required.
Students should know that starch,
Enzymes digest most
glycogen, lipids and nucleic acids are
6.1.U3 macromolecules in food into
digested into monomers and that
monomers in the small intestine.
cellulose remains undigested.
Villi increase the surface area of epithelium over which absorption is
6.1.U4
carried out.
Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion as well as mineral ions and
6.1.U5
vitamins.
Different methods of membrane transport are required to absorb
6.1.U6
different nutrients.
Applications and Skills
Statements Guidance
Processes occurring in the small intestine that result in the digestion of
6.1.A1
starch and transport of the products of digestion to the liver.
Use of dialysis tubing to model absorption of digested food in the
6.1.A2
intestine.
6.1.S1 Production of an annotated diagram of the digestive system.
Identification of tissue layers in Tissue layers should include
transverse sections of the small longitudinal and circular muscles,
6.1.S2
intestine viewed with a microscope mucosa and epithelium.
or in a micrograph.
6.1.S1 Production of an annotated diagram of the digestive system.
ORGANS OF DIGESTION - A
nimated Introduction to gastroi
ntestinal physiology - YouTube
https://youtu.be/Nm-pT7fk6gs
Key Features:
• Stomach should look like a ‘J’-shaped bag and be connected to the
oesophagus and small intestine
• Liver should look like a right-angled triangle and be superimposed to the
left of the stomach (right side of the human)
• Bile duct (connected to gall bladder) and pancreatic duct should both feed
into a U-shaped bend of the small intestine
• Small intestine should be thinner in width than the large intestine
6.1.S1 Production of an annotated diagram of the digestive system.
Now add the annotations to show what happens in digestion.
Can we eat upside down?
6.1.U1 The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle of the small intestine
mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut.
Movement of Food
Peristalsis
• Is the principal mechanism of movement in the
esophagus that also occurs in both the stomach and
intestines.
• Continuous segments of longitudinal smooth
muscle rhythmically contract and relax
• Food is moved uni-directionally along the
alimentary canal in a caudal direction (mouth to
anus)
Segmentation
• The contraction and relaxation of non-adjacent
segments of circular smooth muscle in the
intestines
• Segmentation contractions move chyme in both
directions, allowing for a greater mixing of food
with digestive juices
• While segmentation helps to physically digest food
particles, it can also slow overall movement of
food.
6.1.U1 The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle of the small intestine mixes the food with
enzymes and moves it along the gut.
Peristalsis moves food through the alimentary canal
1. Contraction of
longitudinal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZCgF24HI
_o
muscle expand
the lumen in
front of the
food giving it In the small intestine peristalsis
space to move also mixes food with enzymes and
into. forces the products of digesiton
into contact with the wall of the
2. Contraction of
intestine
circular muscles
behind the food Therefore in the intestines the
propels it food is moved very slowly to allow
forwards. time for digestion.
n.b. The contractions are controlled
unconsciously by the enteric nervous system http://www.austincc.edu/rfofi/NursingRvw/NursingPics/DigestivePics/Picture4.jpg
6.1.U3 Enzymes digest most macromolecules in food into monomers in the small intestine.
List three
enzymes State the
produced by the location
pancreas where
these
enzymes
are being
secreted
into.
Lumen of
the
duodenum
The Small Intestine
Bile
- a green, watery liquid delivered to the duodenum which contain
bile salts that emulsify the fats
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeUlh9Cou38
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxNpXO8gGFM&list=PL7F05514E812E8181 enzymes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTQybDgweiE
6.1.U2 The pancreas secretes enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_pancreas_CRUK_356.svg
6.1.U2 The pancreas secretes enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine.
https://youtu.be/P1sDOJM65Bc
Submucosa –
connective tissue
Muscular layer (between the
mucosa and
circular muscle)
longitudinal
Mucosa – inner
lining, includes villi
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~anatomy/Histo/lab_5/GI/DMS132/popup.html
www.colorado.edu
?
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-6-human-physiology/61-
digestion-and-absorption/small-intestine.html
Explain how the structure of a villus in the small intestine is
related to its function. [7]
To achieve [1] answer must name the structure and relate it to its function.
Facilitated
Diffusion
Active
Transport
Endocytosis
(Pinocytosis)
6.1.U6 Different methods of membrane transport are required to absorb different nutrients.
Starch consists of amylose (by 1,4 bonds) and amylopectin (by 1,4 bonds and
occasional by 1,6 bonds) Amylase breaks 1,4 bonds in chains of four or
more monomers producing maltose
http://etravelweek.com/hmattachments/1_200907180843167cXQr.gif
6.1.A1 Processes occurring in the small intestine that result in the digestion of starch and transport of the
products of digestion to the liver.
The digested glucose is absorbed and then transported to various body tissues
1. Glucose is co-transported*
with sodium ions into the
epithelial cells (of the villus).
2. Glucose moves by facilitated
diffusion into the lumen of the
villus.
Draw and annotate how
3. Glucose then through another glucose is absorbed and
facilitated diffusion, move into
the adjacent capillaries where transported to various body
it dissolves into the blood
plasma tissues
4. Blood in the capillaries moves
to venules then to the hepatic
portal vein which transports
the glucose to the liver.
5. The liver absorbs excess Extension: co-transport of glucose is a form of active
glucose which it converts to transport. Explain why using the diagram above.
glycogen for storage.
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Membranes/bauerp/co.gif
6.1.A2 Use of dialysis tubing to model absorption of digested food in the intestine.
Initially contains a
mixture of starch and
glucose
Test the solutions inside and outside the dialysis
tubing for starch and glucose before and after at
least 15 minutes have elapsed (see the Practical
Biology link for details).
http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-biology/evaluat
ing-visking-tubing-model-gut
Nature of Science: Use models as representations of the real world - dialysis tubing can be used to model
absorption in the intestine. (1.10)
http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-biology/evaluat
ing-visking-tubing-model-gut
Bibliography / Acknowledgments
Bob Smullen