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16 views11 pages

Presentation 30

Uploaded by

zunairahtanveer510
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ENGLISH PROJECT WORK

DONE BY:- ZUNAIRAH TANVEER


9TH EXPLORERS
PLANT TISSUES

Plant tissues are of various types, and they are


made up of similar types of cells. They are
different from animal tissues since there are
several differences between animal and plant cells.
Meristematic tissues and permanent tissues are
the two types of plant tissues.
MERISTEMATIC
TISSUE
Meristematic tissues are seen in plants. They are
primarily made up of rapidly dividing cells. They
are the growing tissues of the plant.
Meristematic tissues are of three types
 Apical meristem: Present at the growing tips
of stems and roots. Important function: To
increase the length of stems and roots.
 Intercalary meristem: Present at the base of
leaves or internodes. Important function: For
the longitudinal growth of plants.
 Lateral meristem: Present on the lateral
sides of the stems and roots. Important
function: To increase the thickness of stems
and roots.
PERMANENT TISSUES

 Permanent tissues arise from the meristematic


tissue and have structural and functional
properties. Permanent tissue can be made up
of either living or dead cells. They are
specialised to perform a specific function, e.g.
parenchyma, collenchyma, xylem, phloem,
etc. Permanent tissues are of two types simple
and complex permanent tissue.
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
These are tissues that are made up of only one type of cell. They
usually have a structural role.
Parenchyma
 Parenchyma tissues are made up of loosely packed cells with thin
cell walls and large intercellular spaces. They are live cells and
help in support and storage. Two types; Chlorenchyma and
Aeranchyma
Collenchyma
 Collenchyma tissues are made up of live cells which have
irregularly thickened corners and thus, have decreased
intercellular spaces. They help in bending various parts of the
plant without breaking.
Sclerenchyma
 Sclerenchyma tissues make up the hard and stiff parts of the
plant. They are made up of dead, long and narrow cells. They
almost have no intercellular space as the walls are thickened due
to the presence of lignin.
COMPLEX PERMANENT
TISSUE
 Complex permanent tissues are made by the
combination of different types of cells. These
cells work together to perform a specific task.
Phloem
 Phloem is made up of the following
components – sieve tubes, companion cells,
phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
Phloem conducts food in both directions.
Among all the components, phloem fibres are
the only dead cells.
Xylem
 Xylem is made up of the following
components. The vessels and tracheids – help
in the conduction of water and minerals from
the soil. Xylem parenchyma helps in food
storage, and the xylem fibres provide
mechanical support.
Animal tissues are classified into four types based
on the functions they perform:

Epithelial

Connective
ANIMAL
TISSUES
Muscular

Nervous
EPITHLICAL TISSUE
Epithelial tissues are seen on the outer layer of a body or organ surface. They form the outermost protective
layer of most animals.
 Squamous Epithelium
Squamous epithelium forms an extremely thin and flat layer of tissues. They are semi-permeable and, thus,
perfect for gaseous exchange. They are present in the lining of the oesophagus and the mouth.
 Cuboidal Epithelium
As the name suggests, they are cuboidal in shape and form the lining of salivary glands and kidney tubules.
They provide mechanical support. They also form glandular epithelium when they form glands.
 Columnar Epithelium
These tissues line the organs which help in absorption and secretion, such as the lining of the intestines.
They are made up of elongated cells. When cilia are present in these cells, they form ciliated columnar
epithelium like those present in the respiratory tract.
 Stratified Squamous Epithelium
This kind of tissue is formed when multiple layers of squamous epithelium are arranged in a pattern. Our
skin is made up of this kind of tissue.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

These tissues help in connecting different parts of the body. Examples include blood, bones, cartilages,
tendons, ligaments, areolar tissues and adipose tissues.
 Areolar tissue: Found in the skin and muscles, around the blood vessels, nerves, etc.
 Adipose tissue: Acts as the storage site of fats; found between the internal organs and below the
skin; acts as an insulator for the body.
 Dense regular connective tissue: Main components are tendons and ligaments; tendons connect
muscles to bones, while ligaments connect two bones together.
 Skeletal tissue: Main components of skeletal tissues are cartilage and bone.
 Fluid tissue: Blood is the vascular tissue present in animals.
MUSCULAR TISSUES

These tissues make up our muscles which are responsible for almost all the movements that take place in the
body.
 Striated/Skeletal Muscles
All the voluntary movements in our body are carried out by the striated or skeletal muscles. They are called
skeletal because these tissues are mostly attached to the bones. They are long, cylindrical, unbranched with
striations and multinucleated.
 Unstriated/Smooth Muscles
Almost all involuntary movements in the body are carried out by the smooth or striated muscles. They are
long, smooth, spindle-shaped and uninucleate. We can find them in places like the alimentary canal and
blood vessels.
 Cardiac Muscles
Cardiac muscles make up our entire heart. These muscles are involuntary in nature and show rhythmic
contractions and relaxations. Structurally they may look quite similar to striated muscles, but they are
branched, uninucleated and have intercalated discs.
NERVOUS
TISSUE

 Nervous tissue makes up the


entire brain, spinal cord and
nerves of the body. They are
responsible for all sensations,
consciousness, memory and
emotion.
 Neurons
These are the cells that form the
entire nervous system. Neurons
consist of a cell body, axon and
axon terminals.

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