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INFERTILITY Sem - Pre

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22 views

INFERTILITY Sem - Pre

Uploaded by

yahyaridawanss2c
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Seminar Presentation

on
infertility

by
STN, ABUBAKAR SADIK
NATSOFFI
set 2021 stream B nurse
INTRODUCTION
 Infertility" is a term that describes when a couple is unable to
achieve pregnancy after 1 year of having regular, unprotected
sex, or after 6 months if the woman is older than 35 years of
age.

 The term "infertility" also is used to describe the condition of


women who are able to get pregnant but unable to carry a
pregnancy to term because of miscarriage (sometimes called
clinical spontaneous abortion), recurrent pregnancy
loss, stillbirth, or other problems.
PREVELANCE OF INFERTILITY
 Studies suggest that after 1 year of having unprotected sex,
12% to 15% of couples are unable to conceive, and after 2
years, 10% of couples still have not had a live-born baby. In
couples younger than age 30 who are generally healthy, 40% to
60% are able to conceive in the first 3 months of trying.
PREVELANCE OF INFERTILITY
 Fertility declines with age in both men and women, but the
effects of age are much greater in women. In their 30s, women
are about half as fertile as they are in their early 20s, and
women's chance of conception declines significantly after age
35. Male fertility also declines with age, but more gradually.
SOME CAUSES OF INFERTILITY IN
FEMALE
 In many cases, the exact cause of the infertility remains
unknown or unexplained—a situation called idiopathic
infertility.
 The following list includes only some of the common causes of
infertility in females.
FAILURE TO OVULATE
 The most common overall cause of female infertility is the failure
to ovulate, which occurs in 40% of women with infertility
issues. Not ovulating can result from several causes, such as: such
as primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) or polycystic ovary
syndrome (PCOS)
AGING
 Aging, including "diminished ovarian reserve," which refers
to a low number of ovum in a woman's ovaries due to
normal aging
 Endocrine disorders, such as thyroid disease or problems
with the hypothalamus, which affect the hormones produced
by the body so that there might be too much or too little of a
hormone or group of hormones
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
 Endocrine disorders, such as thyroid disease or problems with
the hypothalamus, which affect the hormones produced by the
body so that there might be too much or too little of a
hormone or group of hormones which can altered the chances
of pregnancy.
LIFE STYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
 Research has consistently shows that lifestyle factors—what
you eat, how well you sleep, where you live, and other
behaviors—have profound effects on health and disease.
Fertility is no exception.
 However, overweight, exercise, physical and psychological
stress, environmental and occupational exposures, substance
and drug use and abuse can also diminished your fertility.
RADIATION AND CHEMOTHERAPY
 Radiation therapy and chemotherapy can cause infertility in
females and males. Those who have to undergo these types of
treatments may want to consider fertility preservation.
PROBLEMS WITH MENSTURAL
CYCLE
 Problems with the menstrual cycle, the process that prepares the
female body for pregnancy, can lead to infertility. The menstrual
cycle includes several phases, and problems at any one of the
stages can lead to difficulty getting pregnant or to infertility, such
as hormonal imbalance
STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS
 Structural problems usually occurred do to presence of
abnormal tissue in the fallopian tubes, uterus or cervix.
 If the fallopian tubes are blocked, ovum are not able to move
from the ovaries to the uterus and sperm is not able to reach
the ovum for fertilization. Structural problems with the uterus,
any structural problem that may interfere with implantation,
can also cause infertility.
SOME SPECIFIC STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS THAT
CAN CAUSE INFERTILITY INCLUDE:

 Endometriosis, when tissue that normally lines the inside of the


uterus is found in other places, such as blocking the fallopian
tubes
 Uterine fibroids, growths that appear within and around the
wall of the uterus, although most women with fibroids do not have
problems with fertility and can get pregnant. However, some
women with fibroids may not be able to get pregnant naturally or
may have multiple miscarriages or preterm labor
Fibroids
IMPLANTATION FAILURE
 Implantation failure refers to the failure of a fertilized ovum to
implant in the uterine wall to begin pregnancy. While the
specific cause of implantation failure are often unknown,
possibilities include.
INFECTIONS
 Infections can also cause infertility in men and women.
 Untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia in women can lead to
pelvic inflammatory disease, which might cause scarring that
blocks the fallopian tubes. Untreated syphilis increases the
risk for a pregnant woman to have a stillbirth.
OTHER CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
IN FEMALE

 Genetic defects
 Thin endometrium
 Embryonic defects
 Endometriosis
 Progesterone resistance
 Scar tissue in the endometrial cavity
 Autoimmune Disorders
SOME CAUSES OF INFERTILITY IN
MALE

AZOOSPERMIA.
 A complete lack of sperm is the cause of infertility in about
15% of men who are infertile. When a man does not produce
sperm, it is called azoospermia. A hormone imbalance or a
blockage of sperm movement can cause azoospermia.
OLIGOSPERMIA
 In some cases of infertility, a man produces less sperm than
normal. This condition is called oligospermia or a low sperm
count. The most common cause of oligospermia is varicocele,
an enlarged vein in the testicle
STRUCTURE OF THE SPERM
 Swelling of the testicles from infections such as mumps,
gonorrhea, or chlamydia
 Thyroid problems
 Cryptorchidism, which occurs when one or both testicles are
not descended
 Injury to the testicle
However, a condition called retrograde ejaculation can also
cause infertility. This condition causes sperm to move into the
bladder instead of out of the penis.
RETROGRADE EJACULATION
FERTILITY TREATMENT

 The most common medications used to treat infertility help


stimulate ovulation. Examples of these types of medications
include:
 Clomiphene or Clomiphene Citrate
 Letrozole
 Gonadotropins or Human Chorion Gonadotropin (hCG)
 Bromocriptine or Cabergoline
SURGICAL TREATMENTS INFERTILITY

 If disease of the fallopian tubes is the cause of infertility,


surgery can be used to repair the tubes or remove blockages in
the tubes. Success rates of these types of surgery, however, are
low (approximately 20%, depending on the skill of the
surgeon).
RISK FACTORS OF INFERTILITY IN
FEMALE
Some cause of infertility in female include the following but not
limited to those;

 Age. Women in their late 30s and older are generally less fertile
than women in their early 20s.
 Endometriosis
 Chronic diseases such as diabetes, lupus, hypertension, and asthma
 Hormone imbalance
 Environmental factors. These include cigarette smoking, drinking
alcohol, and exposure to workplace hazards or toxins.
 Too much body fat or very low body fat
 Sexually transmitted diseases
 Fallopian tube disease
 Multiple miscarriages
 Fibroids
 Pelvic surgery
 Prolonged used of contraseptic drugs
 Abnormalities in the uterus that are present at birth or happen
later in life
RISK FACTORS OF INFERTILITY IN
MALE
 History of prostatitis, genital infection, or sexually transmitted
diseases
 Exposure to hazards on the job or to toxic substances. These
include radiation, radioactivity, welding, and many chemicals.
Toxic chemicals include lead, ethylene dibromine, and vinyl
chloride.
 Cigarette or marijuana smoke
 Heavy alcohol drinking
 Exposure of the genitals to high temperatures
 Hernia repair
 Undescended testicles
 Prescription medicine. These include opioid-like medicines
that affect the central nervous system. An example is
medicines to treat mental illness.
 Mumps after puberty
 A genetic problem or a problem that was present at birth
(congenital)
 Oligospermia
 Azoospermia
WAYS TO PRESEVED FERTILIY
 Maintain adequate nutrition
 Engage in physical exercise
 Proper personal hygiene
 Environmental hygiene
 Know the health status of sexual partner
 Self-control for sexual arousal
 Minimize intake of cegrate and alcohol
 Minimized the used of contra-septic drugs
THANK YOU

FOR

LISTENING

BY Comr. NATSOFFI

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