Pharmaceutical Analysis-I

Methods of expressing
concentration

Prepared By
Ram Kumar
Assistant Professor
DOPST
MRSPTU, Bathinda
Objectives of the topic
Upon completion of the topic one is be able to Know

 Understands the various ways of applying different methods for expressing

the concentration

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Lecture
Design
1. Introduction
a. What is solution
b. Factors determining the rate of solution formation
2. Concentration
3. Methods of Expressing Concentration
4. Importance/ Application of pharmaceutical analysis
5. References
6. Questions

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Pharmaceutical
Analysis
1. Introduction

a. Solution

 Solution: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes

dissolved in a solvent.

 Solvent: the substance in which a solute dissolves to

produce a

homogeneous mixture

 Solute: the substance that dissolves in a solvent to

produce a

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homogeneous mixture
Pharmaceutical
Analysis
1. Introduction

Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture

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Pharmaceutical
Analysis
1. Introduction

b. Factors determining the rate of solution formation

Stirring Smaller pieces Temperatur

e

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Pharmaceutical
Analysis
1. Introduction

b. Factors determining the rate of solution formation

 Stirring: moves solvent into contact with the solute.

 Smaller pieces: increases the surface area of the solute

 Higher temperature: make the molecules of the solvent move

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Pharmaceutical
Analysis
2. Concentration

 The word "Concentration" is frequently used as a general term referring

to a quantity of substance in a defined volume of solution.

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Pharmaceutical
Analysis
2. Qualitative Expression of Concentration

 Diluted: A dilute solution has small amount of solute in large amount of

solvent.

 Concentrated: A concentration solution has large amount of solute in

small amount of solvent.

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Pharmaceutical
Analysis
2. Qualitative Expression of Concentration

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Pharmaceutical
Analysis
2. Quantitative Expression of Concentration

 The basic international unit of mass is the kilogram (kg) and

its fractions.

 The basic international unit of volume is the litre (l) and its fractions.

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Pharmaceutical
Analysis
Mass

Basic International Units

1 Kg 1000 gram
1g 1000 milligram
1 mg 1000 microgram
1 µg 1000 nanogram
1 ng 1000 picogram

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Pharmaceutical
Analysis
Volume

Basic International Units

1 Litre (L) 1000 mL

1 decilitre (dL) 100 mL
1 millilitre (mL) 1000 µL
1 microlitre (µL) 10-6 L

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
3. Methods of Expressing Concentration

 The concentration of solute in a solution may be expressed in many

ways, depending upon the convenience to those concerned with its use.

 Chemists more frequently prefer to work with the number of moles or

equivalents of a particular solute.

 Pharmacists will also use percentage concentrations or some other

expression of the constituents by parts. The commonly employed

concentration expression are reviewed in the following on a physical

basis (weight or volume).

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
3. The Physical methods of expressing concentration (weight or volume)

 Percent Concentration: The term "Percent" or more usually the symbol

"%" is used with one of four different meanings in the expression of

concentrations according to circumstances.

 Percent w/w (%w/w): (Percentage weight in weight) expresses the

number of grams of solute in 100 gm of product. The concentrations of

strong acids, as available commercially, are expressed in this way.

Percent w/w = Weight of solute/ Weight of solution X 100

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
Example of (percent w/w) or (% w/w)

Weight of solute (NaCl) (Table salt): 7.5 g

Weight of solvent (Water): 100 g
Total weight of solution: 7.5 g + 100 g
=107.5 g

Percent w/w = Weight of solute/ Weight

(%w/w)= 7.5/107.5 X 100
of solution X 100
= 0.069 X 100
= 6.9 % w/w
 Concentration of NaCl solution: 6.9 % w/w
 When 7.5 g of NaCl is dissolved in 100 ml of water then the
concentration of solution is 6.9 % w/w
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Pharmaceutical Analysis
3. The Physical methods of expressing concentration (weight or volume)

 Percent w/v (%w/v): (Percentage weight in volume) It expresses

the number of grams of solute in 100 ml of product. (i.e. 100 ml of

solution).

 This is a common way of specifying solution composition of mixtures of

miscible liquids, or solids in liquids.

 e.g. H2O2 solution 5-7% w/v; BaCl2 solution 10% w/v

Percent w/v = Weight of solute/ Volume of solution X 100

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
Example of (percent w/v) or (% w/v)
 Commercially sold Glucon-D solution contains 10.5 g of glucose
in
every 250 mL bottle. Determine the % weight/volume concentration?

Weight of solute (glucose): 10.5 g

Volume of solution (Water): 250 mL

Percent w/v = Weight of solute/ Volume of solution X 100

(%w/v)= 10.5/250 X 100
= 0.042 X 100
= 4.2 % w/v
 Concentration of glucose in Glucon-D solution: 4.2 % w/v
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Pharmaceutical Analysis

3. The Physical methods of expressing concentration (weight or volume)

 Percent v/v (% v/v): (Percentage volume in volume) It expresses

the

number of millilitres of solute in 100 ml of product.

 Solution is prepared by mixing two liquids.

 e.g. Alcohol (Ethyl Alcohol) 95% v/v.

Percent v/v = Volume of solute/ Volume of solution X 100

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
Example of (percent v/v) or (% v/v)
 A solution is made by dissolving 150 mL of glycerin in water to give
850 mL of solution. Calculate the % v/v of the resulting solution?

Volume of solute (glycerin): 150 mL

Volume of solution : 850 mL

Percent v/v = Volume of solute/ Volume of solution X 100

(%v/v)= 150/850 X 100
= 0.176 X 100
= 17.6 % v/v

 70 % ethyl alcohol means: 70 mL/100 mL

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Pharmaceutical Analysis

3. The Physical methods of expressing concentration (weight or volume)

 Parts per million (ppm): When the concentration of a solution is

expressed as parts per million (ppm), it means weight in weight, unless

otherwise specified.

 e.g. In the limit test of chloride 25 ppm of chlorine.

Parts per million (ppm) = mass of solute/ mass of solution X 106

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
Example of (parts per million) or (ppm)
 Calculate the ppm value of 12.5 g of CO2 which is dissolved in 1750 g
of water?
Mass of solute (CO2): 12.5 g
Mass of solvent: 1750 g
Mass of solution : 12.5 g +
1750 g = 1762.5 g

Parts per million (ppm) =

ppm =
mass of solute/ mass of
12.5/1762.5 X 10 6

solution X 10 6 = 0.007092 X 10 6

= 7092.19 ppm

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
3. The Chemical methods of expressing
concentration

Molarity (M)

Molality (m)

Normality (N)

Formality (F)

Equivalent
weight 23
Pharmaceutical Analysis
3. The Chemical methods of expressing concentration

 Molarity (M): Number of moles of solute (Substance) dissolved in

one litre (1000 mL) of solution is called as Molarity.

 A solution containing 1 mole of solute in each litre of total solution is said

to be a one molar (M) solution.

 1 gm in 1000 ml = 1 mol.

Molarity (M) = Number of moles of solute/litre of solution

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
Question: 250 mL sample of solution contains 0.134 moles of
solute.
Calculate the molarity of the solution?

Answer: Solution sample volume is 250 mL = 0.250 L

Numbers of moles: 0.134

Molarity (M) = Number of moles of solute/litre of solution

M= 0.134/0.250 = 0.536 moles/litre

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
Molarity Examples

 Molecular weight of NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)

Atomic Weight of Na = 22.99 (23)
Atomic Weight of O = 16
Atomic Weight of H = 1
M.W of NaOH 40

 40 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 mL of water = 1 M

 4 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 mL of water = ??
 0.4 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 mL of water = ??

Molarity (M) = Number of moles of solute/litre of solution

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
Molarity Examples

 Molecular weight of HCl (Hydrochloric acid)

Atomic Weight of Cl = 35.5
Atomic Weight of H = 1
M.W of HCl 36.5

 36.5 gm of HCl is Dissolved in 1000 mL of water = 1 M

 3.65 gm of HCl is Dissolved in 1000 mL of water = ??
 0.365 gm of HCl is Dissolved in 1000 mL of water = ??

Molarity (M) = Number of moles of solute/litre of solution

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
3. The Chemical methods of expressing concentration

 Molality (m): The molality of a solution expresses as the number

of moles of a solute contained in 1 Kg of a solvent.

 Molality is the favoured concentration transmission approach because the

solution’s mass of solute and solvent does not change.

Molality (m) = Number of moles of solute/ Kg of solvent

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
Question: Calculate the molality of the solution prepared from 29.1 g of
toluene (C7H8) dissolved in 832 g of benzene, (C6H6)?

Answer: Molecular weight of toluene = C7H8=7×12+1×8 = 92 grams/mole

Moles of Toluene = Mass in gram/ Molecular weight
29.1 g/92 g/mol = 0.316 mole
Now calculate the kilogram of solvent = 832 grams of Benzene/1000
= 0.832 kilogram

Molality (m) = Number of moles of solute/ Kg of solvent

Molality (m) = 0.316 moles/0.832 kg
= 0.380 m

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
Difference between Molar solution and Molal solution

Molar Solution Molal Solution

Is moles of solute dissolved in 1 Is moles of solute dissolved in 1

Litre of solution Kg of solute
Symbol is M Symbol is m
Formula is Mole/litre Formula is mole/kg
Is affected by change in both Is NOT affected by change in
Temperature & Pressure both Temperature & Pressure

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
3. The Chemical methods of expressing concentration

 Normality (N): The normality of a solution expresses the number

of gram equivalent weight of the solute in one litre of solution.

 This is generally a much more useful expression since it is directly related

to reactive concentrations of various species in solution.

Normality (N) = Number of gram equivalents/volume of solution in litres

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
3. The Chemical methods of expressing concentration

 Equivalent Weight : Equivalent weight of the substance is that weight

which contains 1 gm of replaceable hydrogen ion (in case of acid) OR

hydroxyl ions (in case of base).

Equivalent Weight = gram equivalents weight of solute

No. of replaceable H + & OH-

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
Question: How to prepare 1N NaOH 1 litre solution?

Answer: Molecular weight of NaOH = 23+16+1 = 40 grams/mole

Equivalent weight of NaOH = 40/1 = 40
So, 40 gm of NaOH when dissolved in 1000 ml of water will give
1N solution.

Problem:

4 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 mL of water = ??

0.4 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 mL of water = ??

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
Equivalent Weight Problem?

Calculate equivalent weight of NaOH:

Calculate equivalent weight of Ca(OH)2:

Calculate equivalent weight of H2SO4:

Calculate equivalent weight of HCl:

Equivalent Weight = gram equivalents weight of solute

No. of replaceable H + & OH-

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
3. The Chemical methods of expressing concentration

 Formality (F): Formality may be defined as the number of gram

formula weight (GFW) of the solute dissolved per litre of solution.

Formality (F)= GFW/Litres of solution

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Pharmaceutical Analysis
Solubility Expression

 The solubility of a compound may be expressed in many ways.

S.No. Descriptive Term Approximate volume of solvent
in millilitres per gram of
solute.
1 Very Soluble Less than 1
2 Freely Soluble From 1 to 10
3 Soluble From 10 to 30
4 Sparingly Soluble From 30 to 100
5 Slightly Soluble From 100 to 1000
6 Very Slightly Soluble From 1000 to 10,000
7 Practically Insoluble, More than 10,000
or
Insoluble
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Test Your
Knowledge

 What is the molarity of a solution containing 0.32 moles of NaCl in 3.4

litres?
 What is the molality of a solution containing 0.46 mole of solute in 2.0 kg
water?
 Consider 5 g sugar dissolved in 20 g of water. What is the
w/w% concentration of sugar in this solution?

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THANK
S