MPLS Principles

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 Foreword

This section analyzes the limitations of the traditional IP forwarding rate,

QoS and traffic engineering, and describes the basic features of MPLS
forwarding.

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 Objectives

After completion of this section, you should be able to:

 Describe the IP forwarding process

 Describe the shortcomings of IP forwarding

 Explain the basic principles of MPLS forwarding

 Describe MPLS applications

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 Content

MPLS overview
MPLS principle
MPLS loop detection

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 Content

MPLS overview
1.1 Traditional IP Forwarding
1.2 MPLS Forwarding characteristics
1.3 MPLS Application

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 Traditional IP Forwarding

SWA SWB SWC SWD

v1 v1 v2 v2 v3 v3
10.2.0.1

10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.8/30

10.2.0.0/30
10.1.0.0/30
Data

10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24

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 Traditional IP Forwarding(SWA)

Network Nexthop

10.1.0.0/24 10.1.0.2
SWA
v1 10.1.0.1/32 10.1.0.1
10.2.0.1 Data

10.1.1.0/30
10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.1
10.1.0.0/30

10.1.1.2/32 10.1.1.2

10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.2
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.1.8/30 10.1.1.2

10.2.0.0/24 10.1.1.2

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 Traditional IP Forwarding(SWB)

Network Nexthop

10.1.0.0/24 10.1.1.1
SWB
v1 v2 10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.2
10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.4/30
10.1.1.1/32 10.1.1.1

10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.5

10.1.1.6/32 10.1.1.6

10.1.1.8/30 10.1.1.6

10.2.0.0/24 10.1.1.6

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 Traditional IP Forwarding(SWC)

Network Nexthop

10.1.0.0/24 10.1.1.5
SWC
v2 v3 10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.5
10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.8/30
10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.6

10.1.1.5/32 10.1.1.5

10.1.1.8/30 10.1.1.9

10.1.1.10/32 10.1.1.10

10.2.0.0/24 10.1.1.10

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 Traditional IP Forwarding(SWD)

Network Nexthop

10.1.0.0/24 10.1.1.9
SWD
v3 10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.9
10.1.1.8/30
10.2.0.0/30

10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.9

10.1.1.8/30 10.1.1.10

10.1.1.9/32 10.1.1.9
10.2.0.0/24
10.2.0.0/24 10.2.0.2

10.2.0.1/32 10.2.0.1

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 The Weakness of Traditional IP Forwarding
with Traffic Engineering

Network A

100% Traffic RTC

GE GE
RTA RTB RTD RTE

RTF

FE FE

100% Traffic Network C

FE
RTG RTH
Network B

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 What is MPLS?
 MPLS is an IETF initiative that integrates Layer 2 information about
network links (e.g. bandwidth, latency, utilization) into Layer 3 (IP) within a
particular autonomous system, or ISP, in order to simplify and improve IP
packet exchange. MPLS gives network operators a great deal of flexibility
to divert and route traffic around link failures, congestion, and bottlenecks.

 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a mechanism in high-

performance telecommunications networks that directs data from one
network node to the next based on short path labels rather than long
network addresses, avoiding complex lookups in a routing table. The
labels identify virtual links (paths) between distant nodes rather than
endpoints. MPLS can encapsulate packets of various network protocols.
MPLS supports a range of access technologies, including T1/E1, ATM,
Frame Relay, and DSL.

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 MPLS in the TCP/IP Stack

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 Technology Combining the Advantages of ATM and IP

R + X = X

Router ATM switch MPLS

Router
 Layer 3 routing – scalable and flexible

 Layer 2 switching – High reliability and traffic engineering

management
MPLS——multi-protocol label switching

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 MPLS Label Forwarding

IP IP IP
1024 Data 1029 Data 1039 Data
Header Header Header

1.1.1.1/32
RTA RTB RTC RTD
s0 s0 s3 s2 s3 s3
.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10
Header

Header
IP

IP
MPLS Domain
Data

Data
10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24

MPLS Header Data IP Header

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 MPLS Advantage

MPLS Advantage

 MPLS technology uses fixed length label to search instead of traditional

IP routing longest match search method, so it improves forwarding
speed, and this is the beginning MPLS intension
 MPLS can combine IP and ATM well saving extra cell tax of IPOA

 The true superiority of MPLS is to provide variety of value-added

services:
 MPLS VPN
 MPLS QoS Trend of network
 MPLS Traffic Engineering development

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 MPLS VPN Application

VPNA VPNA
CE CE
PE P P PE

VPNB VPNB
CE CE

CE PE P P PE
CE
VPNA VPNA

CE MPLS Domain CE
VPNB VPNB

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 MPLS TE Application

Network A
RTC
70% Traffic

RTA 30% Traffic

GE GE
RTB RTD RTE

RTF

FE FE
70% Traffic

Network C
30% Traffic FE
RTG RTH
Network B

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 MPLS QoS Application

Classify Traffic PQ/CQ/CBQ

Map to DSCP
Map into label according to EXP
Map DSCP to EXP

PE P P PE

MPLS Domain
Network A Network B
CE CE

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 Content

MPLS overview
MPLS principles
MPLS loop detection

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 Content

MPLS principle
2.1MPLS structure
2.2 MPLS label format
2.3 MPLS forwarding process

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 MPLS Network Model

RTF RTG

IP IP IP
1024 Data 1029 Data 1039 Data
Header Header Header
RTA RTB RTC RTD
LSP
LER
LER
Header

Header
LSR
IP

IP
RTE
Data

Data
MPLS Domain

LER Label Edge Router

IP Network IP Network
LSR Label Switch Router
LSP Label Switch Path

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 MPLS Structure

Routing Protocol Exchange of

Control plane
routing information

IP Routing Table

Label Distribution Exchange of label

Protocol
Data plane

Incoming IP Forwarding Table Outgoing

IP packets IP packets

Incoming Label Forwarding Table Outgoing

labeled packets labeled packets

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 Content

MPLS principle
2.1MPLS structure
2.2 MPLS label format
2.3 MPLS forwarding process

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 Frame mode MPLS

Frame
IP Header Payload
Header

Layer 2 frame format

Frame MPLS
IP Header Payload
Header Header

Frame mode MPLS

encapsulation

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 MPLS Header

LABEL EXP/ S TTL

0 19 20 22 23 24 31

 The total length of MPLS header is 4bytes (32bits)

 The length of Label field is 20bits, used in mapping traffic into LSP, in the
range of 16- 1,048,575
 The length of EXP （ Experimental Use ） field is 3bits, for MPLS QoS

 The length of S （ Bottom of Stack ） field is1bit, indicates the last label in
the label queue
 The length of TTL field is 8bits. It has the same function as that of IP
packet, and the purpose is to inspect and avoid route loop in Frame mode

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 Label Stack

Layer2 MPLS MPLS

header header header IP header Data

 Theoretically, label stack enables limitless nesting to provide

infinite service support. This is simply the greatest advantage
of MPLS technology.

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 MPLS Label Nesting

Frame
Label 1 Label 2 Label 3 IP Header Payload
Header
PID=MPLS-IP

S=0 S=0 S=1

 PID indicates the types of packet follows Frame Header

 Ethernet 0x8100 IPv4 0x8847 Unicast MPLS packet 0x8848 Multicast MPLS
packet
 PPP 0x8021 IPv4 0x8281 Unicast MPLS packet 0x8283 Multicast MPLS packet
 S indicates whether it is the last label

 Applications of label nesting

 MPLS VPN
 MPLS TE

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 Content

MPLS principle
2.1MPLS structure
2.2 MPLS label format
2.3 MPLS forwarding process

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 MPLS Concepts
Label Operations
The label forwarding table defines the following label operations:
Push: The ingress adds a label into an IP packet between the Layer 2
header and IP header before forwarding the packet. Within an MPLS
network, each LSR adds a new label to the top of the label stack.

Swap: A transit node replaces a label on the top of the label stack in an
MPLS packet with another label, which is assigned by the next hop.

Pop: A transit LSR or the egress removes the top label from the label
stack to decrease the number of labels in the stack. Either the egress or
the penultimate LSR removes a label from the MPLS packet before the
packet leaves an MPLS network.

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 MPLS Concepts (2)
Penultimate Hop Popping
Penultimate hop popping (PHP) enables the penultimate LSR to remove a label from a packet.
Since many LSPs can share the same egress, PHP helps reduce the amount of work the
egress has to do, which reduces network congestion.
PHP is configured on the egress. The PHP-enabled egress advertises a label with value 3 to
adjacent LSRs on an MPLS network. The implicit null label with value 3 is assigned to
penultimate LSRs to implement PHP. After the penultimate LSRs removes labels with value 3
from the packets, the MPLS packets are reverted to IP or VPN packets and forwarded to the
egress. The egress then forwards the packets over IP routes or based on the next layer label.

Label Switching Router

A label switching router (LSR) swaps labels and forwards MPLS packets. It is also called an
MPLS node. As a fundamental element on an MPLS network, all LSRs support MPLS.

Label Switched Path

On an MPLS network, packets belonging to a forwarding equivalence class (FEC) pass
through a path called a label switched path (LSP).

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 Creating LSP
 LSP drive modes:

 Driven by stream: incoming packets drive LSP creation

 Driven by topology: topology information (route) drives LSP creation
 Driven by application: application (like QoS) drives LSP creation

 Signaling protocol is used to distribute labels between LSRs and

establish LSP:
 LDP: Label Distribution Protocol
 CR-LDP: Constrained Route LDP
 RSVP-TE
 MP-BGP
 PIM

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 MPLS Forwarding － Ingress LER

IP
1030 Data
Header

1.1.1.1/32
RTA RTB RTC RTD
s0 s0 s3 s2 s3 s3
.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10
10.2.0.1

.2
10.2.0.0/30
.2
10.1.0.0/30

MPLS Domain
Data

.1
.1

10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24

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 MPLS Forwarding － Ingress LER
 FEC ： Forwarding Equivalence Classes

 NHLFE ： Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry

<RTA>display mpls lsp include 10.2.0.0 24 verbose

---------------------------------------------------
LSP Information: LDP LSP
---------------------------------------------------
No : 1
VrfIndex :
Fec : 10.2.0.0/24
Nexthop : 10.1.1.2
In-Label : NULL
Out-Label : 1030
In-Interface : ----------
Out-Interface : Serial0
LspIndex : 10249
Token : 0x22005
LsrType : Ingress
Outgoing token : 0x0
Label Operation : PUSH
Mpls-Mtu : 1500
TimeStamp : 822sec

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 MPLS Forwarding － Ingress LER （ RTA ）
 FTN ： FEC to NHLFE

IP
1030 Data
1.1.1.1/32 Header

RTA RTB RTC RTD

s0 s0 s3 s2 s3 s3
.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10
10.2.0.1

.2
10.2.0.0/30
.2
10.1.0.0/30

MPLS Domain
Data

.1
.1

10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24

NHLFE
FEC
NextHop Out Interface Label Operation Others
10.2.0.0 10.1.1.2 Serial0 Push ……

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 MPLS Forwarding － LSR （ RTB ）

IP IP
1030 Data 1030 Data
Header Header

1.1.1.1/32
RTA RTB RTC RTD
s0 s0 s3 s2 s3 s3
.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10
10.2.0.1

.2
10.2.0.0/30
.2
10.1.0.0/30

MPLS Domain
Data

.1
.1

10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24

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 MPLS Forwarding － LSR (RTB)
 ILM Incoming Label Map

<RTB>display mpls lsp include 10.2.0.0 24 in-label 1030 verbose

----------------------------------------------------------------
LSP Information: LDP LSP
----------------------------------------------------------------
No : 1
VrfIndex :
Fec : 10.2.0.0/24
Nexthop : 10.1.1.6
In-Label : 1030
Out-Label : 1030
In-Interface : ----------
Out-Interface : Serial3
LspIndex : 10256
Token : 0x2200c
LsrType : Transit
Outgoing token : 0x0
Label Operation : SWAP
Mpls-Mtu : 1500
TimeStamp : 11100sec

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 MPLS Forwarding － LSR (RTC)

IP IP IP
1030 Data 1030 Data 1032
1030 Data
Header Header Header

1.1.1.1/32
RTA RTB RTC RTD
s0 s0 s3 s2 s3 s3
.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10
10.2.0.1

.2
10.2.0.0/30
.2
10.1.0.0/30

MPLS Domain
Data

.1
.1

10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24

NHLFE
InLabel
NextHop Out Interface Label Operation Others
1030 10.1.1.10 Serial3 SWAP ……

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 MPLS Data Forwarding － LSR （ RTC ）

<RTC>display mpls lsp include 10.2.0.0 24 in-label 1030 verbose

-----------------------------------------------------------------
LSP Information: LDP LSP
-----------------------------------------------------------------
No : 1
VrfIndex :
Fec : 10.2.0.0/24
Nexthop : 10.1.1.10
In-Label : 1030
Out-Label : 1032
In-Interface : ----------
Out-Interface : Serial3
LspIndex : 10268
Token : 0x22015
LsrType : Transit
Outgoing token : 0x0
Label Operation : SWAP
Mpls-Mtu : 1500
TimeStamp : 40sec

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 MPLS Forwarding － Egress LER （ RTD ）

1030 10.2.0.1 Data 1030 10.2.0.1 Data 1032

1030 10.2.0.1 Data 1032 10.2.0.1 Data

1.1.1.1/32
RTA RTB RTC RTD
s0 s0 s3 s2 s3 s3
.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10

10.2.0.1
10.2.0.1

.2
10.2.0.0/30
.2
10.1.0.0/30

MPLS Domain

Data
Data

.1
.1

10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24

NHLFE
InLabel
NextHop Out Interface Label Operation Others
1032 10.2.0.2 -------- POP ……

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 MPLS Forwarding － Egress LER （ RTD ）
<RTD>display mpls lsp include 10.2.0.0 24 in-label 1032 verbose
------------------------------------------------------------------
LSP Information: LDP LSP
------------------------------------------------------------------
No : 1
VrfIndex :
Fec : 10.2.0.0/24
Nexthop : 10.2.0.2
In-Label : 1032
Out-Label : NULL
In-Interface : ----------
Out-Interface : ----------
LspIndex : 10258
Token : 0x0
LsrType : Egress
Outgoing token : 0x0
Label Operation : POP
Mpls-Mtu : ------
TimeStamp : 924sec
TimeStamp : 40sec

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 Content

MPLS overview
MPLS principle
MPLS loop detection

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 Content

MPLS loop detection

3.1MPLS TTL loop detection
3.2 LDP loop detection

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 MPLS Loop Detection

 IGP Loop Detection

 TTL Loop Detection
 LDP loop detection

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 MPLS TTL Behavior
Label TTL decreased by
IP TTL decreased by 1 IP TTL doesn't 1 ， copied to the IP TTL field.

， and copied to the change,label TTL

Label TTL field decreased by 1
8 10

1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32 3.3.3.3/32 4.4.4.4/32

10 10 9 10 8
SWA SWB SWC SWD
v1 v1 v2 v2 v3 v3
10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.8/30
7
11

MPLS Domain

10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24

IP TTL Label TTL

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 MPLS TTL Configuration

1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32 3.3.3.3/32 4.4.4.4/32

SWA SWB SWC SWD
v1 v1 v2 v2 v3 v3
10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.8/30
v3 v1
10.1.0.0/30

10.2.0.0/30
MPLS Domain

v3 v1

<SWJ>ping -h 11 10.2.0.1
SWJ SWK

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 MPLS TTL Configuration
<SWA>debug mpls packet
<SWA>debug ip packet acl 3000
<SWA>terminal monitor
<SWA>terminal debugging

*0.86297391 SWA IP/8/debug_case:

Receiving, interface = Serial3, version = 4, headlen = 20, tos = 0,
pktlen = 84, pktid = 2273, offset = 0, ttl = 11, protocol = 1,
checksum = 37572, s = 10.1.0.1, d = 10.2.0.1
prompt: Receiving IP packet from Serial3

*0.86297391 SWA IP/8/debug_case:

Sending, interface = Serial3, version = 4, headlen = 20, tos = 0,
pktlen = 84, pktid = 2273, offset = 0, ttl = 10, protocol = 1,
checksum = 37572, s = 10.1.0.1, d = 10.2.0.1
prompt: Sending the packet by lsp

*0.86297391 SWA MFW/8/MPLSFW PACKET:

PUSH Label=1030, EXP=0, TTL=10
Sending to V1, PktLen=88, Label(s)=1030, EXP=0, TTL=10

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 MPLS TTL Configuration
<SWB>debug mpls packet
<SWB>debug ip packet acl 3000
<SWB>terminal monitor
<SWB>terminal debugging

*0.189653734 SWB MFW/8/MPLSFW PACKET:

Receiving from V1, PktLen=88, Label(s)=1030, EXP=0, TTL=10
SWAP Label=1029, EXP=0, TTL=9
Sending to V2, PktLen=88, Label(s)=1029, EXP=0, TTL=9

<SWC>debug mpls packet

<SWC>debug ip packet acl 3000
<SWC>terminal monitor
<SWC>terminal debugging

*0.189533719 SWC MFW/8/MPLSFW PACKET:

Receiving from V2, PktLen=88, Label(s)=1029, EXP=0, TTL=9
SWAP Label=3, TTL=8
Sending to V3, Dest=10.2.0.1, Nexthop=10.1.1.10

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 MPLS TTL Configuration
<SWD>debug mpls packet
<SWD>debug ip packet acl 3000
<SWD>terminal monitor
<SWD>terminal debugging
*0.64991297 SWD IP/8/debug_case:
Receiving, interface = Serial3, version = 4, headlen = 20, tos = 0,
pktlen = 84, pktid = 2273, offset = 0, ttl = 8, protocol = 1,
checksum = 38340, s = 10.1.0.1, d = 10.2.0.1
prompt: Receiving IP packet from Serial3
*0.64991297 SWD IP/8/debug_case:
Sending, interface = Serial1, version = 4, headlen = 20, tos = 0,
pktlen = 84, pktid = 2273, offset = 0, ttl = 7, protocol = 1,
checksum = 38596, s = 10.1.0.1, d = 10.2.0.1
prompt: Sending the packet from Serial3 at Serial1

<SWJ>tracert 10.2.0.1
traceroute to 10.2.0.1(10.2.0.1) 30 hops max,40 bytes packet
1 10.1.0.2 31 ms 32 ms 1 ms
2 10.1.1.2 62 ms 94 ms 62 ms
3 10.1.1.6 94 ms 94 ms 94 ms
4 10.1.1.10 125 ms 125 ms 125 ms
5 10.2.0.1 156 ms 156 ms 156 ms

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 MPLS TTL Behavior
IP TTL decreased by IP TTL doesn't Label TTL decreased by
1, but not copied to change. Label TTL 1, remove the label.
label TTL. Label TTL decreased by 1.
set to 255
253 10

1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32 3.3.3.3/32 4.4.4.4/32

255 10 254 10 10
SWA SWB SWC SWD
v1 v1 v2 v2 v3 v3
10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.8/30
9
11

MPLS Domain

10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24

IP TTL Label TTL

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 MPLS TTL Configuration

[SW]mpls
[SW-mpls]undo ttl propagate public

1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32 3.3.3.3/32 4.4.4.4/32

SWA SWB SWC SWD
v1 v1 v2 v2 v3 v3
10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.8/30
v3 v1
10.1.0.0/30

10.2.0.0/30
MPLS Domain

v3 v1

<SWJ>ping -h 11 10.2.0.1
SWJ SWK

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 MPLS TTL Configuration

<SWA>debug mpls packet

<SWA>debug ip packet acl 3000
<SWA>terminal monitor
<SWA>terminal debugging

*0.81886516 SWA IP/8/debug_case:

Receiving, interface = Serial3, version = 4, headlen = 20, tos = 0,
pktlen = 84, pktid = 1318, offset = 0, ttl = 11, protocol = 1,
checksum = 38527, s = 10.1.0.1, d = 10.2.0.1
prompt: Receiving IP packet from Serial3

*0.81886516 SWA IP/8/debug_case:

Sending, interface = Serial3, version = 4, headlen = 20, tos = 0,
pktlen = 84, pktid = 1318, offset = 0, ttl = 10, protocol = 1,
checksum = 38527, s = 10.1.0.1, d = 10.2.0.1
prompt: Sending the packet by lsp

*0.81886516 SWA MFW/8/MPLSFW PACKET:

PUSH Label=1030, EXP=0, TTL=255
Sending to V1, PktLen=88, Label(s)=1030, EXP=0, TTL=255

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 MPLS TTL Configuration

<SWD>debug mpls packet

<SWD>debug ip packet acl 3000
<SWD>terminal monitor
<SWD>terminal debugging

*0.99910344 SWD IP/8/debug_case:

Receiving, interface = Serial3, version = 4, headlen = 20, tos = 0,
pktlen = 84, pktid = 9625, offset = 0, ttl = 10, protocol = 1,
checksum = 30476, s = 10.1.0.1, d = 10.2.0.1
prompt: Receiving IP packet from Serial3

*0.99910344 SWD IP/8/debug_case:

Sending, interface = Serial1, version = 4, headlen = 20, tos = 0,
pktlen = 84, pktid = 9625, offset = 0, ttl = 9, protocol = 1,
checksum = 30732, s = 10.1.0.1, d = 10.2.0.1
prompt: Sending the packet from Serial3 at Serial1

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 MPLS TTL Configuration

1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32 3.3.3.3/32 4.4.4.4/32

SWA SWB SWC SWD
v1 v1 v2 v2 v3 v3
10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.8/30
v3 v1
10.1.0.0/30

10.2.0.0/30
MPLS Domain

v3 v1

SWJ SWK
<SWJ>tracert 10.2.0.1
traceroute to 10.2.0.1(10.2.0.1) 30 hops max,40 bytes packet
1 10.1.0.2 31 ms 31 ms 32 ms
2 10.1.1.10 156 ms 94 ms 125 ms
3 10.2.0.1 125 ms 125 ms 125 ms

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 MPLS TTL Configuration

The first traceroute packet

with TTL=1 is dropped by
SwitchA

1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32 3.3.3.3/32 4.4.4.4/32

SWA SWB SWC SWD
v1 v1 v2 v2 v3 v3
10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.8/30
v3 v1
10.1.0.0/30

10.2.0.0/30
1

MPLS Domain

v3 v1
Discard

SWJ SWK

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 MPLS TTL Configuration

The first traceroute packet Discard

with TTL=1 is dropped by
SwitchA

1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32 3.3.3.3/32 4.4.4.4/32

255 1 254 1 1
SWA SWB SWC SWD
v1 v1 v2 v2 v3 v3
10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.8/30
v3 v1
10.1.0.0/30

10.2.0.0/30
2

MPLS Domain

v3 v1

SWJ SWK

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 TTL and Loop detection

1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32 3.3.3.3/32 4.4.4.4/32

10 10 9 10
SWA SWB SWC SWD
v1 v1 v2 v2 v3 v3
10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.8/30

8 10 7
11

MPLS Domain
7 10
10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24

…….
1 10

IP TTL Label TTL

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 Summary

 Which two planes does MPLS contain ？

 What methods of encapsulation does

MPLS use?
 What are the stages of the MPLS data
forwarding process?
 What are the disadvantages of traditional
IP forwarding?
 What information is used in MPLS to
forward data packets?

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 Explanation of some terms
Constraint-Based Routing
Routing that uses intelligent path computation and explicit route specification to determine routes. This differs from typical
non-Constraint-Based Routing, in which routes are calculated based only on shortest path. Constraint-Based Routing
enables traffic engineering in MPLS networks.

Class of Service (CoS)

Class of Service (CoS) is a method for managing network traffic by grouping similar types of traffic (for example, e-mail,
streaming video, voice, large document file transfer) together and treating each type as a class with its own level of service
priority.

Customer Edge Router (CE)

A router at the edge of a customer network, the CE interfaces to a corresponding Provider Edge (PE) router at the edge of
the service provider's network.

Fast Reroute
A mechanism used in MPLS networks to provide redundant data paths for recovery from node or link failures. The RSVP-TE
protocol is used to signal Fast Reroute configuration.

Forward Equivalency Class (FEC)

A classification of a group of packets all packets assigned to a FEC receive the same routing treatment. FECs can be based
on IP address prefixes or service requirements for a type of packet (QoS, VPN, Traffic Engineering, etc.).

Forwarding Information Base (FIB)

A table containing the information necessary to forward IP data in a router. At a minimum, the FIB contains the outbound
interface identifier and next hop information for each reachable IP destination network.

Internet Gateway Protocol (IGP)

Protocol that distributes routing information to the routers within a network. The term gateway is historical; router is currently
the preferred term. Example IGPs are OSPF, IS-IS and RIP.

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)

A protocol that distributes routing information to the routers that connect networks.

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