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17 views

Unit2

Uploaded by

Gopal Pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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ENGINEERING PHYSICS II (SUBJECT CODE: 303192102)

Dr Mitesh Solanki
Assistant Professor
Applied Sciences and Humanities
CHAPTER
Band Theory and Semiconductors
How can we Classify solid Materials

• Solid materials can be classified into


three categories based on their
electronic structure and properties:
• Conductors, Semiconductors and
Insulators.

https://byjus.com/physics/what-are-energy-bands/
Continue
Concept of Valence band, conduction band and band gap

• Valence band that contains energy levels of


valence electrons which remain in the
outermost orbit

• Conduction band that contains energy levels


of free electrons (conduction electrons)

• Band gap is the gap between the top of the


valence band and the bottom of the
conduction band which does not contain any
energy levels.

https://byjus.com/physics/what-are-energy-bands/
E K Diagram

• Gives energy-momentum relationship for an electron

• Useful to study band structure

• Gives an idea of band gap

• For a free electron, the relation between


energy E and wave vector k is

• The energy and momentum of an electron are


related to the frequency and wavelength of the
associated matter wave by the
relations: E=hv,p=λh.

• Let us consider electron passing through the periodic


arrangement of the atoms of the material
Kroning Penny Model

• Establishes the fact that band gap exists in semiconductors

• Describes motion of electron in one dimensional periodic potential

The potentials of adjacent atoms overlap


and gives rise to periodic potential
Continue

• Two regions are formed


• Region I of length a
• Region II of length b
• Periodicity is (a+b)
Continue

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/9-Electronic-E-k-diagram
-according-to-the-Kronig-Penney-model_fig10_286862888
Formation of Energy band in Solid

• Why bands are formed in solids?

• Qualitative explanation of how the band gap arises

When atom is single, electrons in


discrete orbits will occupy discrete
energy levels
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• Splitting of single energy level into two when atoms containing single electrons are very close
Continue

• If there are N no. of such atoms very close to each other, then energy
level n=1 will split into N levels.
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• Similarly, if electrons are filled up to 3rd orbit in an atom and when such atoms are brought
close to each other, then first n=3 level will split because of interaction of outermost
electrons, then if the interatomic distance further decreases, electrons of level n=2 will start
interaction and thus n=2 level will split.
• If the interatomic distance further decreases, then electrons of level n=1 will also
start interacting and the level n=1 will also split at very small interatomic distance.
Effective mass of Electron

• Mass of electron under the influence of periodic potential in a

material is called effective mass

• When electron is moving through a crystal, it experiences internal forces due


to positive ions and other electrons present. Hence, the original mass of
electron seems to change and it is called effective mass of electron.

• Effective mass can be positive or it can be negative also


Continue
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Direct and Indirect band gap materials
Direct Band Gap Materials
Indirect band gap materials
Examples of Direct and Indirect band gap materials
Application of Direct and Indirect band gap materials
Density of States in Semiconductor
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Energy dependence on density of state
Charge Carrier Concentration
Concentration of Electrons in Conduction band
Continue
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Concentration of holes in Valence band
Continue
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Position of Fermi Level in Semiconductors
Intrinsic Semiconductor
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Extrinsic Semiconductor
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P N Junction

• In n-type region, large number of free electrons is present &


get repelled from each other. So, move from a high
concentration n-region to a low concentration p-region.
• Near pn-junction free electrons & holes are close to each
other.
• Coulombs law: Free electrons from n-side attracted towards
the holes at p-side. So, the free electrons move from n-side
to p-side. Holes move from p-side ton-side.
Continue
• Free electrons cross pn-junction & fill holes in p-side atoms.
• The p-atom/side turns with more electron than protons
become a negative ion (charge).
• Each free electron that left the parent n-atom turns n-side
as positive ion (charge).
• The net negative charge at p-side prevents further flow of
free electrons crossing pn-junction (because the negative
charge present at the p-side repels the free electrons).
• Similarly, the net positive charge at n-side prevents further
flow of holes from p-side to n-side.
• Barrier: Depletion region or depletion zone or depletion
layer
Ohmic Junction
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Continue
Schottky Junction
Continue
I-V Characteristics of Ohmic and Schottky Junction
www.paruluniversity.ac.in

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