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Presenting and Interpreting Data in Tabular and Graphical

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4 views

Presenting and Interpreting Data in Tabular and Graphical

Uploaded by

j.jarina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRESENTING AND

INTERPRETING DATA IN
TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL
FORMS
The Results Section
• The core of the paper
• Often includes tables, figures, or both
• Should summarize findings rather than providing data in great detail
• Should present results but not comment on them
• (Note: Some journals combine the Results and the Discussion.)
COMMON TECHNIQUES IN
DISPLAYING DATA RESULTS
•TABULAR PRESENTATION
•TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
•GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
TEXTUAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

•Use words, statements or


paragraphs with numerals, numbers
or measurements to describe data.
• 3 Level Analysis
• Level 1: What is the result? (Discuss important points)
• Level 2: Do the related literature agree/disagree with my
findings?
• Level 3: What are the possible effects of this finding? What
possible conclusions can you draw from this finding?
Why use this form of writing?
Using these 3 levels of analysis allows you to:
• present in a clear and concise way
• strengthen your findings with past studies
• show the possible conclusions/effects that were
discovered because of your study
Take Note!
Only use the 3 levels of analysis when
applicable. It is not necessary for every
figure/table to have all three. For
example, you do need to present level
2 and 3 when presenting a table only
showing gender, age, and other
demographics.
Example 1
Figure 3 shows the sex distribution of
the participants. The sex group is divided
into male and female. The agrarian reform
households in Brgy. E Lopez show no trend
in terms of sex of members, with males
and females having almost the same
number.
Level 1 only
Example 2
Table 4 shows the highest educational attainment of
household members. The result shows that the top three
educational attainments are elementary level, high school level,
and high school graduate, with elementary level being the most
common. According to the 2008 draft World Development Report,
low education levels are a major contributor to poverty and low
agricultural productivity, which is indicated by the poor living
conditions and low income of the households. Access to jobs and
employment is largely determined by an individual’s education
(Todaro, 2012).
Level 1 and 2 only
Example 3
Table 23 shows the average income associated for each type of employment.
The result shows the highest mean income is PhP 11071.23 derived from urban
employment. This is significantly higher than the average income of other types
of employment. This explains why some household members choose to work in
urban area. This is supported by the findings of Liedholm (1998), wherein the
share of non-farm income to total rural income is significantly larger than that
of primary occupation. Of all the types of employment, urban employment is
the only type that can be solely relied on, without the household engaging in
any other types of employment. There are several cases of this which can be
seen in Table 19. This implies that a family will be able to sustain household
expenses even if they engage in urban employment only.
Level 1, 2, and 3
TEXTUAL WITH TABULAR
PRESENTATION
TEXTUAL PRESENTATION SAMPLE
TABULAR PRESENTATION OF DATA
• Tables present clear and organized data
• A table must be clear and simple, but complete

A good table should include the following parts:


• Table number and title
• Caption subhead
• Body
• Source
TABULAR PRESENTATION SAMPLE
TABULAR PRESENTATION SAMPLE
TABULAR PRESENTATION SAMPLE
Verb Tense for the Results Section:
Past Tense
Examples:
• A total of 417 samples contained . . .
• _____ increased, but _____ decreased.
• The average temperature was _____.
• Three of the dogs died.
• This difference was not statistically significant.
Results Sections of Papers
with Tables or Figures
• How much should the information in the text overlap that in the
tables and figures?
• Not extensive overlap
• In general, text should present only the main points from the tables and
figures
• Perhaps also include a few of the most important data
• Remember to mention each table or figure. Do so as soon as readers
might want to see it.
Mentioning Tables and Figures:
Some Writing Advice
• In citing tables and figures, emphasize the finding, not the table or
figure.
• Not so good: Table 3 shows that researchers who attended the workshop
published twice as many papers per year.
• Better: Researchers who attended the workshop published twice as many
papers per year (Table 3).
GRAPHICAL METHODS OF
PRESENTING DATA
• Graph or Chart- portrays the visual presentation
of data using symbols such as lines, dots, bars, or
slices.
-it depicts the trend of a certain set of
measurements or shows comparison between
two or more sets of data or quantities
What does a good graph look like?
• X and y axis- has a heading and units are included
• Figure number and title- usually placed below the figure.
• Known value- plotted on the x-axis
• Measured value- plotted on the y-axis

(does not apply to pie charts)


LINE GRAPH
• A graphical presentation of data that shows a
continuous change or trend
• May show an ascending or descending trend
LINE GRAPH SAMPLE
LINE GRAPH SAMPLE
DOUBLE LINE GRAPH
• Show comparisons of events, situations or
information.
• Has two lines connecting points to show continuous
change in the data over time
• The lines can ascend or descend in a double line
graph.
DOUBLE LINE GRAPH SAMPLE
DOUBLE LINE GRAPH SAMPLE
BAR GRAPH OR BAR CHART
• uses bars to compare categories of data
• May be drawn vertically or horizontally

VERTICAL BAR GRAPH- best to use when comparing means or


percentages between distinct categories

HORIZONTAL BAR GRAPH- may contain more than 5 categories


VERTICAL BAR GRAPH
HORIZONTAL BAR GRAPHS
PIE CHARTS or CIRCLE GRAPHS
• Usually used to show how parts of a whole compare
to each other and to the whole

• Entire circle-represents the total, and the parts are


proportional to the amount of the total they
represent

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