Cloud Computing

Unit 1 Introduction to Cloud Computing

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 Unit 1 :

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 EVALUATION

1. Attendance
2. Assessment
3. Practical
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1.1 Overview of cloud computing

What is Cloud Computing?
● Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing resources
over the Internet.

● Instead of keeping data on your own hard drive or updating

applications on the local machine we use a service over the
Internet at another remote location.

● For Example: When we store our photos online (Google Photos)

instead of on our home computer, or use webmail or a social
networking site or a image editing web application; you are
using a “Cloud computing” service.

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What is Cloud Computing?

● Examples of cloud services include online file storage, social

networking sites, webmail, and online business applications.

● The cloud computing model allows access to information and

computer resources from anywhere that a network
connection is available.

● The cloud computing provides a shared pool of resources

including data storage space, networks, computer processing
power and specialized corporate and user applications.

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 What is Cloud Computing?
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 Do you Use the Cloud?

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 Difference between renting physical 9

servers remotely and cloud computing

● In cloud computing, we get a virtual machine running on servers

with our selected OS running on top of virtualization software.
● There could be other users on servers.
● We access servers through a web service/web site.
● We pay for specific time used on processor, storage devices and
bandwidth/network.
● Cloud computing focuses on virtualization and service orient
approach and making it economical for companies to use a third
party cloud provider to maintain hardware and software on a on-
demand basis.
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Historical Development

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 1.2 Evolution of Cloud Computing
• The early 1960s
 John McCarthy come up with the time sharing and enabling the
organization to simultaneously use an expensive mainframe.
 1969: Intergalactic Computer Network or Galactic Network—ARPANET
 1970: virtualization concept of software like Vmware
 1997: Cloud computing –Prof. Ramnath Chellappa
 1999—salesforce.com, delivering enterprise applications via website
 2002—Amazon introduced its web-based retail services, infrastructure
model—computer’s capacity much more efficiently
 2003—first public release of XEN—creates virtual machine
monitors(hypervisor)
 2006—Amazon Web Services—online services to other websites,
Amazon Mechanical Turk—varieties of cloud based services
 2007: IBM, Google and several universities joined forces develop a
server farm for research project
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Contd…….
• 2008: Google announced a preview release of App Engine , a developer
tool that allowed users to run their web applications on Google
infrastructure.
• 2010: cloud storage launched, Google app engine for business
announced, offering added management and support features tailored
specifically for the enterprise. – windows Azure Platform commercially
available.
• 2011: Google app engine-fully supported Google product. IBM
introduces IBM Smart Cloud framework, in support of Smarter Planet.
• 2012:Google Compute Engine+Google Cloud Platform—IAAS component
of the platform.
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Contd…..
• 2013: Google Cloud Storage begins automatically encrypting each storage
object’s data and metadata under the 128 bit Advanced Encryption
Standard(AES-128). PHP support for Google app Engine goes into preview ,
making PHP on App Engine available for everyone. IBM acquires SoftLayer,
which marks IBM’s entry into cloud computing.
• 2014: Google Cloud SQL graduates to General Availability (GA), supporting
automatic encryption, 99.95% uptime SLA, and support for databases up to
500GB. Google acquired Firebase and Stackdriver making them a part of GCP.
–Windows Azure was renamed Microsoft Azure. IBM introduced Bluemix, a
platform as a service.
• 2015:Financial Conduct Authority FCA declares cloud technologies as
acceptable for use by financial services firms.
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Contd…
• 2016: Sales.com
• 2017:AWS launches i3 instances.
• 2018: Amazon acquired the aws.com domain from
Earth Netwoks, formly known as Automated Weather
source.
• 2019: Amazon announced AWS outposts, which is a
fully managed service that extends AWS infrastructure
AWS services, APIs, and tools to virtually any customer
datacenter, co-location space or on-premises facility
for a truly consistent hybrid experience.
• 2020: Microsoft said that there was a 775% increase
in Microsoft Teams usage in Italy due to the COVID-19
pandemic. The company estimates there are now 44
million daily active users of Teams worldwide.
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Vision of Cloud Computing

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Vision of Cloud Computing

1. Service provisioning model
● This vision of the computing utility based on the service provisioning
model anticipates the massive transformation of the entire computing
industry in the 21st century whereby computing services will be readily
available on demand, like other utility services available in today’s society.

2. Computer utilities
● It enables individual computers to communicate with any other computers
located elsewhere in the world. This internetworking of standalone
computers provide potential of utilizing endless amount of distributed
computing resources owned by various owners.

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Vision of Cloud Computing

3. Grid computing
● Grid computing enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of a wide variety of
physically distributed resources including supercomputers, storage systems, data
sources, and specialized devices owned by different organizations for solving large
scale resource intensive problems in science, engineering, and commerce.

4. Peer-to-Peer computing
● The Peer-to-Peer (P2P) computing allows peer nodes (computers) to share content
directly with one another in a decentralized manner.

5. Service computing
● A service computing focuses on the linkage between business processes and IT
services so that business processes can be seamlessly automated using IT services.

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Vision of Cloud Computing

6. Market-oriented computing
● It views computing resources in economic terms such that resource users
will need to pay resource providers for utilizing the computing resources.

7. Virtualized compute and storage technologies

● Today the latest paradigm to emerge is that of Cloud computing which
promises reliable services delivered through next-generation data centers
that are built on virtualized compute and storage technologies.

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1.3 Characteristics of cloud computing as per
NIST

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Characteristics of cloud computing as per

NIST
1. On-demand self-service
● A consumer can individually provision computing capabilities,
such as server time and network storage, as needed
automatically without requiring human interaction with each
service provider.

2. Broad network access

● The capabilities are available over the network and accessed
through standard mechanisms that promote use by
heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile
phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).

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Characteristics of cloud computing as per

NIST

3. Resource pooling
● The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using
a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically
assigned and re-assigned according to consumer demand.

4. Rapid elasticity
● The capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases
automatically.

5. Measured service
● Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a
metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service
e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user account.

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1.4 Types of Cloud

(Deployment Model)

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Public Cloud
● The public cloud allows anyone to store and access
information via the Internet using a pay-per-usage
model. The Cloud Service Provider manages and
operates computing resources in the public cloud.
● A public cloud is a service provided by an outside vendor
that includes servers in one or more data centers.
● Public clouds are shared by multiple organizations.
● Individual servers can be shared by multiple companies
using virtual machines, a situation known as
"multitenancy," because multiple tenants rent server
space on the same server.

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A public cloud is a service provided by an outside vendor

that includes servers in one or more data centers.

Public clouds are shared by multiple organizations.

Individual servers can be shared by multiple companies
using virtual machines, a situation known as
"multitenancy," because multiple tenants rent server
space on the same server.

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● Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2),

● IBM SmartCloud Enterprise,
● Google App Engine,
● Windows Azure Services Platform.

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Advantages of Public Cloud

● Lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.

● Maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not
need to worry about the maintenance.
● Easier to integrate and flexibility approach to
consumers.
● Location independent as its services are delivered
through the internet.
● Highly scalable as per the requirement of computing
resources.
● It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit
to the number of users.

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Disadvantages

● less secure because resources are shared

publicly.
● Performance depends upon the high-speed
internet network link to the cloud provider.
● The Client has no control of data.

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Private cloud
A private cloud is a server, data center, or distributed network
that is entirely dedicated to one organization (also called
Internal cloud or corporate cloud).
Data centers are built internally or by the third party.
Can be deployed using Open Source tools such as Openstack
and Eucalyptus.

● On-premise private cloud

● Outsourced private cloud

HP Data Centers, Microsoft Private cloud , Elastra-private cloud

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Advantages of Private Cloud

● Provides a high level of security and privacy to the users.

● Offers better performance with improved speed and space
capacity.
● allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-
demand IT resources.
● Has full control over the cloud because it is managed by
the organization itself; no need for the organization to
depend on anybody.
● Suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud for
personal use and prioritize data security.

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Disadvantages

● Skilled people needed to manage and operate cloud

services.
● Area of operations is limited, as it is accessible
within the organization only.
● Are not appropriate for organizations with a large
user base or organizations that lack the prebuilt
infrastructure and sufficient manpower to maintain
and manage the cloud.

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Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud

Hybrid cloud deployments combine public and private clouds

and may include on-premises legacy servers.
A company may use its private cloud for some services and its
public cloud for others, or the public cloud may be used as a
backup for its private cloud.
The public cloud handles non-critical activities, while the private
cloud handles critical tasks.

Hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon, Microsoft,

Google, Cisco, and NetApp.

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Advantages

● Suitable for organizations that require more security

than the public cloud.
● Helps to deliver new products and services more
quickly.
● Provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.
● Offers flexible resources because of the public cloud
and secure resources because of the private cloud.

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Disadvantages

● Security feature is not as good as the private

cloud.
● Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because
it is difficult to manage more than one type
of deployment model.
● The reliability of the services depends on
cloud service providers.

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Community Cloud
● Allows a group of several organizations to access
systems and services in order to share information
between the organization and a specific community.
● Owned, managed, and operated by one or more
community organizations, a third party, or a
combination of these.

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Advantages

● cost-effective because the whole cloud is being shared by

several organizations or communities.
● Suitable for organizations that want to have a
collaborative cloud with more security features than the
public cloud.
● Provides better security than the public cloud.
● Provides collaborative and distributive environment.
● Allows to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other
capabilities among various organizations.

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Disadvantages

● Not a good choice for every organization.

● Security features are not as good as the
private cloud.
● Not suitable if there is no collaboration.
● Fixed amount of data storage and
bandwidth is shared among all community
members.

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 1.5 Benefits of Cloud Computing
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1. Cost Savings
● The companies can reduce their capital expenditures and use operational
expenditures.

2. Computing capabilities
● This is a lower barrier to entry and also requires fewer in- house IT
resources to provide system support.

3. Scalability/Flexibility
● The companies can start with a small deployment and grow to a large
deployment fairly rapidly, and then scale back if necessary.
● Also, the flexibility of cloud computing allows companies to use extra
resources at peak times, enabling them to satisfy consumer demands.

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4. Reliability
● Services using multiple redundant sites can support business continuity
and disaster recovery.

5. Maintenance
● Cloud service providers do the system maintenance, and access is through
APIs that do not require application installations onto PCs, thus further
reducing maintenance requirements.

6. Mobile accessible
● Mobile workers have increased productivity due to systems accessible in
an infrastructure available from anywhere.

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Challenges of Cloud Computing

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Challenges of Cloud Computing

1. Security and privacy
● Before adopting this technology, we should know that you will be surrendering all
our company’s sensitive information to a third-party cloud service provider.
● This could potentially put your company to great risk. Hence, we need to make
absolutely sure that we choose the most reliable service provider, who will keep
our information totally secure.

2. Lack of standards
● Clouds have documented interfaces; however, no standards are associated with
these and thus it is unlikely that most clouds will be interoperable.
● The open grid forum is developing an open cloud computing Interface to resolve
this issue and the Open Cloud Consortium is working on cloud computing
standards and practices.
● The findings of these groups will need to mature, but it is not known whether they
will address the needs of the people deploying the services and the specific
interfaces these services need.

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Challenges of Cloud Computing

3. Continuously evolving
● User requirements are continuously evolving, as are the requirements for
interfaces, networking and storage.
● This means that a “cloud” especially a public one does not remain static and is also
continuously evolving.

4. Compliance concerns
● There are many compliance issues affecting cloud computing, based on the type of
data and application for which the cloud is being used.
● As with security and privacy mentioned previously these typically result in hybrid
cloud deployment with one cloud storing the data internal to the organization.

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1.6 Applications of Cloud

Computing
● Scientific Applications
● Healthcare
○ ECG
● Biology
○ Protein Structure Analysis
○ Gene Expression Data Analysis
● Geoscience
○ Satellite Image Processing
● Business and Consumer Applications
● CRM & ERP
● Social Networking
● Media Applications
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► Scientific Applications
● Scientific applications have been run on both traditional high-
performance computing (HPC) systems such as
supercomputers and clusters, as well as high throughput
computing (HTC) platforms such as Grids, for many years.

● Running complex scientific applications has become more

accessible to the research community thanks to the
popularity of Cloud Computing, which allows researchers to
access on-demand compute resources in minutes rather than
waiting in queues for their compute jobs and experiencing
peak demand bottlenecks.
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Areas of Cloud Scientific

Computing
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ECG (Electrocardiogram) Analysis

in cloud computing
● The ECG machine, for example, is a health monitoring device
that measures the human body's heartbeat and prints the
results on graph paper.
● The electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the electrical activity
of the heart's Cardium. A waveform is created as a result of
this action, which is repeated throughout time and
symbolizes the heartbeat.
● Cloud computing has emerged as an appealing alternative for
constructing health monitoring systems as a result of the
development of the Internet or to put it another way, as a
result of the availability of the internet.
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…
● The analysis of the shape is used to identify
arrhythmias, and it is the most common way of
detecting heart diseases.
(...arrhythmias means “not having a steady rhythm”)
…

● Cloud computing technologies allow the remote

monitoring of a patient’s heartbeat data.
● Through this way, the patient at risk can be constantly
monitored without going to the hospital for ECG analysis.
● At the same time, the Doctors can instantly be
notified of cases that need their attention.
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1. In this figure, there are different types of computing

devices equipped with ECG sensors to constantly monitor
the patient’s heartbeat.
2. The respective information is transmitted to the
patient’s mobile device that will immediately forward to
the cloud-hosted web services for analysis.
3. The entire web service from the front end of a
platform that is completely hosted in the cloud consists of
three layers: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS.
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE
PREDICTION (PSP)
● The finest example of a study area that uses cloud
technologies for processing and storage is protein
structure prediction.
● A protein is made up of peptide bonds that connect
lengthy sequences of amino acids.
● The varied structures of proteins aid in the development of
novel therapeutics, and Protein structure prediction is the
prediction of various sequences of proteins based on their
three-dimensional structure.
● CASP(Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction)
● CAMEO(Continuous Automated Model Evaluation)
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● Protein primary structures are created first, and

secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures are
predicted from the fundamental structure.
● Protein structure prediction employs a variety of
different technologies, including artificial neural
networks, artificial intelligence, machine learning,
and probabilistic approaches, and is crucial in
disciplines such as theoretical chemistry and
bioinformatics.
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Why PSP?
● It requires high computing capabilities and often
operates on large data- sets that cause extensive I/O
operations.
● Protein structure prediction is a computationally
intensive task that is fundamental to different types of
research in the life sciences.
● Manually 3D structure determination is difficult,
slow, and expensive.
● Structure helps in the design of new drugs for the
treatment of diseases.
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● The geometric structure of a protein cannot be

directly inferred from the sequence of genes that
compose its structure, but it is the result of complex
computations aimed at identifying the structure that
minimizes the required energy. While doing so, high
computational power is required which is extremely
expensive to own.
● Cloud computing grants access to such capacity
on pay per use basis.
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● Jeeva, an integrated Web site that allows scientists to outsource

the prediction process to a computing cloud based on Aneka, is
one project that studies the use of cloud technology for protein
structure prediction.
● Machine learning approaches are used in the prediction job to
determine the secondary structure of proteins.
● These methods turn the problem into a pattern recognition issue,
in which a sequence must be sorted into one of three categories
(E, H, and C).
● The pattern recognition issue is divided into three steps by a
popular method based on support vector machines: initialization,
classification, and a final phase.
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● Even though all three stages must be completed in

order, it is possible to use parallel execution in the
classification step, where many classifiers are run
simultaneously.
● This opens up the possibility of reducing the prediction's
computing time sensibly.
● After that, the prediction method is converted into a
task graph, which is then sent to Aneka. The middleware
makes the findings accessible for display through the
portal once the task is done.
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GENE EXPRESSION DATA ANALYSIS

● Gene expression profiling is the simultaneous

assessment of thousands of genes'.
● It is utilized to figure out what biological processes
are activated at the cellular level.
● This function, along with protein structure
prediction, is a critical component of drug design
since it allows scientists to determine the
consequences of a certain treatment.
● Cancer detection and therapy are another prominent
use of gene expression profiling.
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…
● Cancer is a disease marked by uncontrolled cell
multiplication and expansion.
● This arises as a result of mutations in the genes that
control cell development.
● This suggests that mutated genes can be found in all
malignant cells. To offer a more precise categorization of
malignancies, gene expression profiling is used. The
challenge of classifying gene expression data samples into
various classes is difficult. The number of genes in a typical
gene expression dataset might range from a few thousand
to tens of thousands.
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SATELLITE IMAGE
PROCESSING
● Massive volumes of geographic and non-spatial data are
collected, produced, and analyzed by geoscience
applications.
● The volume of data that has to be processed grows
considerably as technology advances and our world gets
increasingly instrumented for e.g., through the deployment
of sensors and satellites for monitoring.
● A fundamental component of geoscience applications is the
geographic information system (GIS). All sorts of spatially
linked data may be captured, stored, manipulated,
analyzed, managed, and presented using GIS applications.
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…
● This sort of data is becoming increasingly important in a
range of application sectors, ranging from advanced
agriculture to civic security and natural resource
management.
● As a result, large amounts of geo-referenced data are fed
into computer systems for processing and analysis.
● Cloud computing is a compelling alternative for completing
these time-consuming processes and collecting useful data
to aid decision-making.
● Hundreds of terabytes of raw pictures are generated by
satellite remote sensing, which must be processed before
being used to create a variety of GIS products.
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…
● This procedure needs both I/O and
computationally heavy operations.
● Large pictures must be sent from a ground
station's local storage to compute facilities,
where they must undergo multiple
transformations and adjustments.
● Cloud computing offers the necessary
infrastructure to support these types of
applications.
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…
● A SaaS application is a bundle of services that may be used
for activities like geocoding and data visualization.
● Aneka manages the data importation into the virtualized
infrastructure and the image processing processes that
create the necessary result from raw satellite photos at the
PaaS level.
● The platform uses a Xen private cloud and Aneka technology
to dynamically provision the appropriate resources on
demand. The research shows how cloud computing
technologies may be used to offload heavy workloads from
local computer facilities and use more elastic computing
infrastructures.
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BUSINESS AND CONSUMER

APPLICATIONS

● CRM and ERP

● SOCIAL NETWORKING
● PRODUCTIVITY
● MEDIA APPLICATIONS
● Chatbots
● Productivity
● Backup and recovery
● Application development
● Test and development
● Big data analytics
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Some other fields leveraging Cloud Computing:

● Government
● Education
● Healthcare
● Banking and Insurance
● Production & Manufacturing
● Automotive
● Entertainment
● Retail etc.
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Component of Cloud
Computing
● The Client- The End User: Everything ends with the
client. The hardware components, the application and
everything else developed for cloud computing will be
used in the client. Client systems has some application
installed which enables them to connect to cloud
software or some infrastructure.

● The Service (Functions in Cloud Computing):One of the

main reasons cloud computing become popular is due to
the adoption of businesses as the easier way to
implement business processes. Cloud computing is all
about processes and the services launched through
cloud computing always has to deal with processes with
an expected output.
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Component of Cloud
Computing
● The Application: Software that end user uses to do their
operations in which their main data resides in cloud.

● The Platform: The platform is the cloud infrastructure where it

provides application and service to operate. It is the
environment provided by cloud vendors which enables all the
application to operate and services to operate.

● The Storage: Everything that the application knows and the

functions that could be provided by service are possible
through storage. Modern day cloud storage is based on highly
virtualized infrastructure and has the same characteristics as
cloud computing in terms of agility, scalability, elasticity and
multi-tenancy.
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Legal Issues in Cloud

Computing
● Confidentiality: Placing our data in cloud
infrastructure is supposed to be vulnerable
and insecure. Organizations should carefully
judge whether their data is managed
confidentially or not.

● Liability and responsibility: It should be

regularly monitored to investigate that
whether cloud vendors has performed their
duties in accordance to Service Level
Agreements (SLA) or not.
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Legal Issues in Cloud

Computing
● Compliance: Cloud vendors should ensure the security
and compliance of their customer with powerful incident
management capabilities, immediate alerts about
suspicious activities, and access to detailed forensic data.
It should give its customer all the components required to
deliver the compliance and security reports and
dashboards they demand.

● Data protection, safety and recovery: Data in cloud as

said should be safe enough to be trusted and protected
from various attacks. Safety and protection is not only
enough for operating in cloud but it should have some
standard recovery mechanism to recover data in case of
failure of system.
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Legal Issues in Cloud

Computing
● Copyright and Ownership: Even though data may be
residing in cloud infrastructure in any part of the world,
data should be owned by customer and it should have
legal obligation of being owned by customer themselves.
Customers should be aware of intentional duplication of
data, data being copied or any leakage of data.

● Data portability: Is there any legal obligation of cloud

vendor regarding the move or not? What if existing cloud
vendor do not allow customer to migrate data to other
provider? These questions should be clear enough for
both customer and vendor and there should be defining
answer for these questions.
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Legal Issues in Cloud Computing

● Right to Audit: IT audit in cloud infrastructure is a necessity for

maintaining compliance of cloud vendor as well as customer. While
moving to cloud data centers, customers should be legally enforced
to have the right to audit their hardware, software, systems and
applications.

● Termination or Suspension Contract: The contract may expire at

the end of its stipulated term or it may be terminated for default or
material breach of terms of contract. User may also want to
terminate the contract to migrate to a better or more cost effective
cloud computing service. The user’s data is most vulnerable after
the termination of contract and in most cases service provider has
no legal duty or liability to handle the user’s data properly unless
stipulated otherwise in the cloud computing contract.
1.9 Cloud and dynamic infrastructures

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Chapter 2 Cloud computing

Architecture

Cloud Computing Service

Models
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2.1 Cloud Computing Reference Model

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Cloud Computing Reference Model

Actor Definition

A person or organization that maintains a business

Cloud Consumer
relationship with, and uses service from, cloud providers.

A person, organization or entity responsible for making an

Cloud Provider
available service to interested parties.

A party that can conduct independent assessment of cloud

Cloud Auditor services, information system operations, performance and
security of the cloud implementation.

An entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of

Cloud Broker cloud services, and negotiates relationship between cloud
providers and cloud consumers.

An intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of

Cloud Carrier
cloud services from cloud providers to cloud consumers.
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Cloud Computing Environment

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Cloud Computing Environment

● Cloud computing aims to power the next generation data centers and
enables application service providers to lease data center capabilities for
deploying applications depending on user QoS (Quality of Service)
requirements.

● Cloud applications environment have different: composition,

configuration, and Deployment requirements.

● Quantifying the performance of resource allocation policies and

application scheduling algorithms at finer details in Cloud computing
environments for different application and service models under :
○ Varying load
○ Energy performance (Power consumption, Heat dissipation)
○ System size is a challenging problem to tackle.
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Cloud Computing Environment

● To simplify this process, an extensible simulation toolkit that
enables modeling and simulation of Cloud computing
environments are used.

● The toolkit supports modeling and creation of one or more

virtual machines (VMs) on a simulated node of a Data Center,
jobs, and their mapping to suitable VMs.

● It also allows simulation of multiple Data Centers to enable a

study on federation and associated policies for migration of
VMs for reliability and automatic scaling of applications.
 83
Cloud Services Requirements

● Cloud computing consists of hardware and software resources made available on the Internet
as managed third-party services. Examples of cloud computing services include :

1. Virtual IT
● It configures and utilizes remote, third-party servers as extensions to a company’s local IT
network.

2. Software
● They utilizes commercial software applications, or develop and remotely host custom built
applications.
 84

Cloud Services Requirements

3. Network storage
● The backup or archive data across the Internet to a provider without needing
to know the physical location of storage.

● Cloud computing systems all generally are designed for scalability to support
large numbers of customers and surges in demand.

● Service providers are responsible for installing and maintaining core

technology within the cloud.

● Some customers prefer this model because it limits their own manageability
burden. However, customers cannot directly control system stability in this
model and are highly dependent on the provider instead.
 85

Cloud Service Models

 86

…
 87

Cloud Service Models

● Cloud Computing is in its simplest form, an image for the Internet and the
process of delivering applications and services through it.

● Cloud computing within this image there are a number of services that are
delivered via the Internet.
● These include Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS),
and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

1. Software as a Service (SaaS)

● The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's
applications running on a cloud infrastructure.
 88

Cloud Service Models

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
● The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud
infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using
programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the
provider.

3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

● The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing,
storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the
consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include
operating systems and applications.
 89

Infrastructure-as-a-Service
(IaaS)
● It is a provision model in which an organization
outsources the equipment used to support operations,
including storage, hardware, servers and networking
components.
● The service provider owns the equipment and is
responsible for housing, running and maintaining it.
● The client typically pays on a per-use basis.
● Clients are able to self-provision this infrastructure, using
a Web-based graphical user interface that serves as an IT
operations management console for the overall
environment.
 90

IaaS

● Storage resiliency (recovery modes,

backups, and data replication)
● Log access
● Monthly billing reports
● Load balancing and clustering
● Monitoring
● Automation and orchestration
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 91

“Deliver computer infrastructure – typically a platform

virtualization environment – as a service, along with raw
storage and networking.” *

In IaaS, customers rent computing resources rather than

purchase them and access the resources through a (Web)
service infrastructure. Service billed typically monthly on a
usage basis.

Example: Amazon Web Service, Microsoft Azure, Google

Cloud Infrastructure, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, Alibaba
Cloud, Rackspace Open Cloud, Digital Ocean…
 92

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

● Platform as a service (PaaS) is a category

of cloud computing services that provide a
computing platform and a solution stack
as a service.

● PaaS offerings facilitate the deployment of

applications without the cost and
complexity of buying and managing the
underlying hardware and software and
provisioning hosting capabilities.
 93

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

● Technically, a PaaS is an Application Platform comprised of an
operating system, middleware and other software that allows
applications to run on the cloud with much of the management,
security, scaling and other stack related headaches abstracted away.
● This allows us to focus on two things: customers and developing your
application.
● Platform as a Service allows users to create software applications using
tools supplied by the provider.
● PaaS services can consist of preconfigured features that customers can
subscribe to; they can choose to include the features that meet their
requirements while discarding those that do not.
● PaaS works on top of IaaS and will do all of that work automatically.
 94

PaaS

● Database integration
● Development team collaboration
● Application design, testing, and development
● Web integration
● Information security

Examples
Salesforce, IBM Cloud, FutureFuel.io, SAP Cloud, Microsoft
Azure is a deployment and development environment,
AWS Lambda, Google App Engine, Google App Engine,
Wasabi …
 95

Software as a Service (SaaS)

● Software as a service , sometimes referred to as "on-demand

software", is a software delivery model in which software and
associated data are centrally hosted on the cloud.
● SaaS is typically accessed by users using a thin client via a web
browser.
● In this model, the software is not hosted on the customers'
individual computers.
● Under the SaaS model, a vendor is responsible for the
creation, updating, and maintenance of software.
● Customers buy a subscription to access it, which includes a
separate license, or seat, for each person that will use the
software.
 96

Software as a Service (SaaS)

● Unlike traditional software which is conventionally sold

as a perpetual license with an up-front cost (and an
optional ongoing support fee), SaaS providers generally
price applications using a subscription fee, most
commonly a monthly fee or an annual fee.
● Consequently, the initial setup cost for SaaS is typically
lower than the equivalent enterprise software.
● SaaS vendors typically price their applications based on
some usage parameters, such as the number of users
("seats") using the application.
● However, because in a SaaS environment customers'
data reside with the SaaS vendor, opportunities also exist
to charge per transaction, event, or other unit of value.
 97

Software as a Service (SaaS)

● SaaS has become a common delivery model for

many business applications, including accounting,
collaboration, customer relationship management
(CRM), management information systems(MIS),
enterprise resource planning (ERP), invoicing,
human resource management (HRM), content
management (CM) and service desk management.
● The emergence of SaaS as an effective software-
delivery mechanism creates an opportunity for IT
departments to change their focus from deploying
and supporting applications to managing the
services that those applications provide.
 98

SaaS

Salesforce, Microsoft Office 365,

Box, Google Workspace, Zendesk
(customer support service), HubSpot
(Marketing and Sales Services), DocuSign,
GoToMeeting, Shopify, Netflix,
Dropbox, Slack, Canva, Mailchimp
 99

Storage as a Service

● Storage as a service (STaaS) is a data

storage business model where a provider
delivers capacity and performance
resources through a simple subscription.
● STaaS saves you money through operating
expenditure (OPEX) model —you only pay
for the storage you need, when you need
it.
 100

…
● Buying new storage capacity can be an expensive capital
expenditure (CAPEX), especially if you aren’t sure how much
capacity you’ll need in the future.
● You can try to predict the growth of your business and purchase
with the future in mind, but it can tie up financial resources that
might have more impact elsewhere in your business.
● STaaS lets you treat storage as OPEX. You sign a service level
agreement (SLA) with your STaaS provider and pay for storage and
data transfer rates (e.g., cost per gigabyte).
● This whole process is automated, allowing the user to scale the
storage needs up and down as demand requires while maintaining
performance and availability 24/7.
 101

Benefits
● An OPEX subscription model that lets you optimize
your storage costs
● The ability to quickly scale and provision storage
resources to your apps as demand grows
● The always-on reliability of major cloud service
providers
● A simplified storage management environment
 102

…
Examples of STaaS vendors include Dell EMC, Hewlett Packard
Enterprise (HPE), NetApp and IBM.
Dell EMC provides Isilon NAS storage, EMC Unity hybrid-flash
storage and other storage options. Dell EMC sells data storage,
information security, virtualization, analytics, cloud computing
and other products and services that enable organizations to
store, manage, protect, and analyze data.

HPE has an equally large, if not larger, presence in storage

systems compared to Dell EMC.

Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud,

Oracle cloud, Box etc.
 103
Cloud Services Requirements

● Cloud computing consists of hardware and software resources made available on the Internet
as managed third-party services. Examples of cloud computing services include :

1. Virtual IT
● It configures and utilizes remote, third-party servers as extensions to a company’s local IT
network.

2. Software
● They utilizes commercial software applications, or develop and remotely host custom built
applications.
 104

Cloud Services Requirements

3. Network storage
● The backup or archive data across the Internet to a provider without needing
to know the physical location of storage.

● Cloud computing systems all generally are designed for scalability to support
large numbers of customers and surges in demand.

● Service providers are responsible for installing and maintaining core

technology within the cloud.

● Some customers prefer this model because it limits their own manageability
burden. However, customers cannot directly control system stability in this
model and are highly dependent on the provider instead.
 105

SOA
(Service-Oriented Architecture)

● It is a flexible, modular approach to delivering IT

services. IT is an essential foundation for emerging
technologies like cloud.
● SOA provides significant advantages over current IT
architectures. While it lowers costs, its primary
benefit is the improvement in agility that it provides
organizations.
● It enables them to respond to increasing rate of
change occurring in nearly every business around the
world.
106
 107

● SOA is an architectural design which includes

collection of services in a network that communicate
with each other.
● The complication of each service is not noticeable to
other service.
● The service is a well-defined, self-contained operation
that provides separate functionality such as checking
customer account details, printing bank statements,
and so on and is not dependent on other services.
 108

…
● SOA is widely used in the market because it
responds quickly and makes effective changes in
response to market conditions.
● The implementation details of the subsystems are
kept secret by the SOA.
● SOA communicates customers, providers and
suppliers with messages by using the XML schema.
● It reuses the service so there will be lower software
development and management costs.
109
 110

Load Balancing
● Load balancing is the process of optimizing
the use of your hosting servers to maximize
performance and ensure fast loading times
always.
● Load balancing software solutions can direct
incoming traffic to different servers,
spreading out the visitors so that each server
gets a fair share of the load and can perform
at optimal levels.
111
 112

…
● By allocating the work between multiple servers, you can ensure that
no servers get overloaded and that your website is always loading
quickly for visitors from all over the world.
● Without such a system in place, even if you had an adequate number
of servers for the traffic that you get, it may not be enough, as the
servers wouldn’t necessarily be able to share the traffic
proportionately and some of them could get overextended.
● The first requirement for you to be able to implement load
management on your site is having more than one server that you
host your site on — after all, if you only have one server, there will be
no reason to manage the traffic load since there is only one option
anyway.
113
 114

When you load balance traffic, you’re distributing

incoming requests to a collection of HTTP servers
that all host their own copies of the files. While
one server is returning an image, another is
returning the JavaScript, and another is returning
the HTML. By dividing the work, the resources can
be fetched in parallel in a way that supports many
active users.
 115

Horizontal scaling for better

performance
By adding more workers, more work can get
done simultaneously, and visitors
experience. The key, though, is choosing the
right load balancing algorithm. The
algorithm decides which server in the group
should get the next request.
 116

Examples

● HAProxy load balancer

● BIG-IP Application Delivery Services
 117

Load Management Approaches

118
 119

RR

Assume that an enterprise has a cluster of three servers:

Server A, Server B, and Server C.

• The first request is sent to Server A.

• The second request is sent to Server B.
• The third request is sent to Server C.

The load balancer continues passing requests to servers

based on this order. This ensures that the server load is
distributed evenly to handle high traffic.
 120

…WRR

• Server A can handle 15 requests per second, on average

• Server B can handle 10 requests per second, on average
• Server C can handle 5 requests per second, on average

Next, assume that the load balancer receives 6 requests.

• 3 requests are sent to Server A

• 2 requests are sent to Server B
• 1 request is sent to Server C.
121
 122

…
The predictive node method is the most advanced one you
can choose — it uses data that’s accumulated over time to
gain insights and analyze trends, which are then used to
assign traffic in a way that’s likely to result in the best
overall performance.

While this method may be more complicated, there are

solutions that can handle it, and over time, the results can
offer optimal performance even when your site is taking on
a lot of traffic.