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2.evolution of Aircraft Electrical Systems

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13 views24 pages

2.evolution of Aircraft Electrical Systems

Uploaded by

Martin Owl
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Evolution of aircraft electrical systems

Schrötter
2021
History
History of aviation
China (B.C.): Paper-wood dragon kites,
unmanned flying object, heavier than air,
hovering rather than flying.

China (A.C.): signaling balloons,


lighter than air, unmanned, not
possible to control the flight.

3
History of aviation Lady with an ermine
Leonardo Da Vinci's Dream of Flying – 1505 Codex on the
Flight of Birds, plans for several flying machines, including a
helicopter and a light hang glider.
Flapping wings to generate both lift and propulsion.
Understanding of the relationship between a curved wing
section and lift. He grasps the concept of air as a fluid, a
foundation of the science of aerodynamics.
Glider Helicopter Flying Machine 1488

4
History of aviation
Europe (18.century) – Balloons (manned): hot air or filled
with hydrogenium, helium – lighter than air, (partially)
controllable flight. Question: what about vacuum balloon?
Europe (19.century):
1852, dirigible propelled with steam engine.
1883, electric propelled dirigible (airship).

5
First aircraft
Wright flyer - 1903

Wright glider

Air data recorder – engine speed, Control surfaces: rudder, wing warping
anemometer (wind speed), No electricity.
Petrol engine.
stopwatch.
Electricity in 19. century
• As first: pneumatics and hydraulics.
• Later: DC and AC – generators, transformers,
however skin effect, reactive losses.

7
Generations of commercial aircraft
1. generation (from 1952): Dials and gauges in cockpit, early autoflight systems.
• Comet, Caravelle, BAC-111, Trident, VC-10, B707, B720, DC-8, Convair
880/990
2. generation (from 1964): More elaborate autopilot and autothrottle systems.
• Concorde, A300, Mercure, F28, B727, B737-100/-200, B747-100/-200/-300/SP,
L-1011, DC-9, DC-10
3. generation (from 1980): Electronic displays, Flight Management System (FMS),
and Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) reduced CFIT accidents.
• A300-600, A310, F70, F100, B717, B737 Classic, B737 NG, B737 MAX, B757,
B767, B747- 400/-8, Bombardier CRJ, Embraer ERJ, MD-11, MD-80, MD-90
4. generation (from 1988): Flight envelope protection enabled by fly-by-wire
technology reduced LOC-I accidents.
• A220, A318/A319/A320/A321, A330, A340, A350, A380, B777, B787, Embraer
E-Jets, Sukhoi Superjet
Generations of jet figters
1. generation (mid 1940s to mid 1950s): basic avionic systems, no radars, the jet
engines did not have afterburners and the aircraft operated in the subsonic
regime.
• F-86, MiG-15, MiG-17.
2. generation (mid-1950s to early 1960s): air-to-air radar, infrared and semi-
active guided missiles, as well as radar warning receivers, supersonic speeds,
air-to-air combat was still within visual range, radar-guided missiles started to
extend engagement ranges.
• F-104, F-5, MiG-19 and MiG-21.
3. Generation (early 1960s to 1970): Doppler radar supported a
‘lookdown/shoot-down’ capability, semi-active guided radio frequency missiles,
it was no longer necessary to visually acquire opponents to neutralise them and
gain control of the air.
• MiG-23, F-4, and Mirage III.
4. generation (1970 to late 1980s) improvement in avionics such as head-up
displays, ‘fly by wire’, Most of this generation of fighters had the ability to
both switch roles between air-to-air and air-to-ground.
• MiG-29, Su-27, F/A-18, F-15, F-16, and Mirage-2000.
4,5. generation (late 1980s and into the 90s): ‘stealth’ radar absorbent materials,
thrust vector controlled engines, Active Electronically Scanned Array radar,
Advances in computer technology and data links.
• Hornet, Eagle, Eurofighter Typhoon, Saab JAS 39 Gripen and Dassault
Rafale.
5. Generation (2005 to date): The F-22 Raptor, F35, Sukhoi, Chengdu J-20
improved situational awareness through having multi-spectral sensors located
across airframe, to receive, share and store information to enhance the
battlespace picture. more software, with 7 million lines of code, it uses about
100 times the number of parameters than a fourth generation fighter does to
define a potential threat.
Example of control surfaces control evolution
Control surfaces
Autopilot by electric
motors acts on
mechanical linkages,
analogue electronics
Links between pilot
inputs and actuators
are mechanical for
critical functions

16
Autopilot by electric
motors acts on
mechanical linkages,
digital electronics
Links between pilot
inputs and actuators
are mechanical for
critical functions

17
No mechanical backup
Full FBW

19
Failure classification
PBW:EHA, EMA

21

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