AUTOMOBILE

Mobility on a grand scale

 An automobile or motor car is a
wheeled motor vehicle for transporting
passengers or goods, which also
carries its own engine or motor.
 Automobile comes via the French language,
from the Greek language by combining auto
[self] with mobilis [moving]; meaning a
vehicle that moves itself, rather than being
pulled or pushed by a separate animal or
another vehicle.

 The alternative name car is believed to

originate from the Latin word carrus or
carrum [wheeled vehicle], or the
Middle English word carre [cart
[ ] (from
Old North French), and karros; a Gallic wagon.
 History
 Although several other German engineers
(including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach,
and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the
problem at about the same time, Karl Benz
generally is acknowledged as the inventor of
the modern automobile.

Karl Benz
original Benz Patent Motorwagon, first
built in 1885 and awarded the patent for
the concept
 Production
 The large-scale, production-line
manufacturing of affordable
automobiles was debuted by
Ransom Olds at his Oldsmobile factory
in 1902.
 This concept was greatly expanded
by Henry Ford, beginning in 1914.

Henry Ford Ransom Olds

 Ford Model T, 1927, regarded as the first
affordable American automobile
 Classification of automotive
vehicles
 Purpose :
 Passenger vehicles
 Car, Jeep, Bus, Station Wagon
 Goods vehicles
 Truck

 Special purpose vehicles

 Dumper, Bulldozer, mobile cranes
 Classification of automotive
vehicles
Construction:
single unit vehicles
Articulated vehicles and tractors

An articulated vehicle
Tractor unit - Horse
Trailer unit – Carrier for load
 Classification of automotive
vehicles
 Capacity
 Light motor vehicles
 Scooter, motor cycle, car
 Heavy motor vehicles
 Bus, Coach, tractor, off road vehicles
 Classification of automotive
vehicles
 Fuel used
 Petrol vehicles
 Scooter, motor cycle, car, jeep
 Diesel vehicles
 Bus, car, jeep, truck, tractor, off highway vehicles
 Electric vehicles
 Battery truck, fork lift, solar powered vehicles
 Steam carriagers
 Steam road roller
 Classification of automotive
vehicles

 Number of wheels
 Two wheeler
 Three wheeler
 Four wheeler
 Six wheeler
 Classification of automotive
vehicles
 Drive of the vehicles

 Number of drive wheels

 Single wheel, two wheel, four wheel and six
wheel drive vehicles
 Front wheel and rear wheel drive
vehicles

 Left hand and right hand drive vehicles

 Parts of an automobile

 Machine portion i.e Chassis

 Carriage portion i.e Body

 Introduction of Chassis

 Chassis is a French term and was

initially used to denote the frame
parts or Basic Structure of the
vehicle.

 It is the back bone of the vehicle.

 A vehicle with out body is called

Chassis.
 It is the main mounting for
all the components
including the body.
 So it is also called as
Carrying Unit.
 Chassis = Automobile - Body
CHASSIS
Side view of a chassis
Layout of Chassis and its main Components
 Main components of the Chassis
Frame,Springs, shock absorbers, axles
and wheels
Engine or Power plant

Transmission system Steering, Brakes

Flywheel Accelerator
Clutch
Gear Box Fuel tank
U Joint
Propeller Shaft Battery
Differential Lamps, gauges,
switches, controls
 FUNCTIONS OF THE CHASSIS FRAME
1. To carry load of the passengers or
goods carried in the body.
2. To support the load of the body,
engine, gear box etc.,
3. To withstand the forces caused due
to the sudden braking or acceleration
4. To withstand the stresses caused
due to the bad road condition.
5. To withstand centrifugal force while
cornering
 The chassis frame must be
 Strong

 Light

 Withstand the shock blows

 Twists

 Vibrations and
 Other strains on road
TYPES OF CHASSIS FRAMES
There are three types of frames

 Conventional frame

 Integral Frame OR Uni-body construction

 Semi-integral type
Conventional frame:
 Conventional frame:
 Used for heavy vehicles
 It has two long side members and 5 to 6
cross members joined together with the help
of rivets and bolts.

 The frame sections are used generally.

a. Channel Section - Good resistance to
bending
b. Tubular Section - Good resistance to Torsion
c. Box Section - Good resistance to both
bending and Torsion
 Frame sections

Channel Box Tubular

 Integral Frame
OR
Unibody construction
A manufacturing process where sheet
metal body parts are combined with
stress-bearing elements to form the
body and chassis as a single piece, as
opposed to attaching body parts to a
frame.

 This frame is used now a days in most of

the cars.

 There is no frame and all the assembly

units are attached to the body.
Unibody exploded view
 Advantages of Frameless Constructions/
Unibody/Superstructure
 Considerable amount of fuel is conserved because of
the drastic decrease in weight.

 The manufacturing costs are much lower than those

of the traditional ways of frames.

 These Frameless Constructions have better collision

properties due to which the entire frame crumbles
and absorbs the body shocks in an event of a
collision, providing better safety to the passengers.
 This kind of a construction allows for better stability,
lighter weight and better handling characteristics for
the vehicle.

 All the functions of the frame are carried out by the

body itself
 Disadvantages
 Owing to newer and lighter materials
being used, there is a minor reduction
in strength and durability for the
vehicles.
 The economy would be possible only
if the frameless construction
production can be carried out in mass.
 Repairing is difficult
 The frameless construction isn’t a
feasible option for a lot of vehicle
types -- like Roadsters, jeeps and
commercial vehicles.
 Semi - Integral Frame
In some cases, however, a
compromise has been drawn and
both the types of construction
have been applied together to
achieve the best of both types of
construction.
Volkswagen AG, the German car
manufacturer, has used this
approach in many of its cars.
 In some vehicles half frame is fixed
in the front end on which engine gear
box and front suspension is mounted.
 It has the advantage when the
vehicle is met with accident the front
frame can be taken easily to replace
the damaged chassis frame.
 This type of frame is used in FIAT
cars and some of the European and
American cars.
 VARIOUS LOADS ACTING ON THE FRAME
Various loads acting on the frame are
 Short duration Load - While crossing a broken
patch.

 Momentary duration Load - While taking a curve.

 Impact Loads - Due to the collision of the vehicle.

 Inertia Load - While applying brakes.

 Static Loads - Loads due to chassis parts.

 Over Loads - Beyond Design capacity.

 Material for frame
 For pressed frames
 Mild sheet steel
 Carbon sheet steel
 Sheet nickel alloy steel
 C – 0.25%-0.35%
 Mn – 0.35%-0.75%
 Si – 0.3% max
 Ni – 3%
 P – 0.05% max
 S – 0.5% max

 Al alloy Alpax also can be used

 Frame construction

The frame is narrowed down at the

front to have a better steering lock,
which gives a smaller turning circle
Car frame
Car frame
 Since commercial vehicles have to
carry large loads, framed
construction is invariably used for
these.
 The engine is mounted usually on the
front end of the frame.
 It is supported on the frame at three
places by means of rubber blocks to
isolate the engine from road shocks
Body or carriage portion

BODY

PASSANGER COMMERCIAL
BODY BODY
According to Chassis design the body can
divided into
1. Conventional Type
2. Integral Type
3. Semi- Integral Type

According to other usage

1. Light vehicle Bodies - cars, jeeps
2. Heavy vehicle Bodies – Busses, Lorries
3. Medium vehicle Bodies - Vans, Metadors
REQUIREMENTS OF BODIES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF VECHILE
The body of the most vehicle should fulfill the following requirements:

 The body should be light.

 It should have minimum number of components.

 It should provide sufficient space for passengers and luggage.

 It should withstand vibrations while in motion.

 It should offer minimum resistance to air.

 It should be cheap and easy in manufacturing.

 It should be attractive in shape and colour.

 It should have uniformly distributed load.

 It should have long fatigue life

 It should provide good vision and ventilation.

Automobile Body Fixture
 Automobile layout
 In automotive design layout specifies
where on the car the engine and drive
wheels are found
 Front-wheel drive types
 A front-engine design, front-wheel drive
(FF) layout places both the engine and
drive wheels at the front of the vehicle.

 This layout is typically chosen for its

compact packaging - that is, it takes up
very little space, allowing the rest of the
vehicle to be designed more flexibly.
Advantages
 Short power flow

 Cost: Fewer components overall.

 Weight: Fewer components usually

means lower weight.

 Improved fuel efficiency due to less

weight.
 Good engine cooling(radiator infront)

and an electric fan can be fitted.

Disadvantages

 With high front axle load, high

steering ratio or power steering
is necessary

 Poor braking force

distribution(75% to the front and
25% to the rear)
 Rear wheel drive layouts
 Rear-wheel drive (RWD) typically places the
engine in the front of the vehicle and the driven
wheels are located at the rear, a configuration
known as Front-engine, Rear-wheel drive (FR).
 Rear-wheel drive is used almost universally for
driving motorcycles, whether by driveshaft, chain,
or belt.
 Advantages of rear wheel drive
 It spreads the loads of the car across all four
tires of a car.
 In a rear wheel drive car the rear wheels do
the pushing while the front wheels are
reserved for the steering duties.

 In a rear drive car the rear tires handle the

engine acceleration/deceleration while the
front only need to handle the steering forces.
 Not only does this balance the load on the
tires but it reserves the front tires exclusively
for the all important steering duties.
4 Wheel drive

 Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four

by four") is a four-wheeled vehicle
with a drivetrain that allows all four
wheels to receive torque from the
engine simultaneously.
 While many people associate the
term with off-road vehicles,
powering all four wheels provides
better control in normal road cars on
many surfaces, and is an important
part of rally racing.
Advantages of 4WD
 This kind of vehicle avoids wheel slip.

 In any kind of road, (whether muddy or icy) we

will have the great traction to keep us in control
with our vehicle.

 Using this vehicle would also mean more control

on rough trails.

 They are good for safe off-road adventure

 Even tyre wear
 More balanced axle load distribution

 Some of the vehicles using this kind of feature are

mostly trucks and SPVs.
 Drawbacks of 4WD
 One potential drawback is that four
wheel drive cars often cost more
money to drive.
 6 to 10% more weight
 5 to 10% increased fuel consumption
 Four wheel drive autos are usually
more expensive to maintain and are
often more cumbersome to service,
the insurance might be a bit more.