Chapter 8-4

Tourism Sustainable
Development
 Learning Objectives
1. Explain the three major economic impacts of tourism on
destination areas and how these impacts are measured
2. Describe the strategies to maximize the economic impact of
tourism and how tourism’s role in economic development
can be analyzed.
3. Discuss the potentially negative social and cultural impacts
of tourism on destination areas.
4. Identify the positive social and cultural impacts that may
result from tourism.
5. Describe the potentially negative environmental impacts of
tourism on destination areas.
6. Identify the positive environmental impacts that may result
from tourism.
7. Explain the principles of sustainable tourism development.
 Three Major Economic Impacts of Tourism

1. Increasing foreign exchange earnings

2. Increasing income

3. Increasing employment
 Strategies for Maximizing the Economic
Impact of Tourism

1. Encouraging import substitution

2. Implementing incentive programs

3. Dealing with multinational companies

Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of
Tourism

 Damage to family structures and subsistence food

production.
 Displacement of local people to make way for
airports, resorts, nature reserves, historical and
other attraction sites, and other tourism
development projects.
 Encouragement of behaviors such as begging,
touting, and other harassment of visitors.
Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of
Tourism

 Encouragement of urbanization and emigration.

 Friction and resentment between local people and
visitors because of overcrowding and lack of
access for residents to recreational areas and
facilities.
 Increase in health risks through diseases such as
AIDS, malaria, hepatitis, and influenza.
Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of
Tourism

 Increase in drug abuse and prostitution.

 Open antagonism and crimes against visitors.
 Commercialization of traditional welcome and
hospitality customs.
 Loss of cultural identity.
 Overcrowding and damage to archaeological and
historical sites and monuments.
 Positive Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism

 May encourage attempts to keep culture and traditions

alive.
 Traditional ways and goods may be restored because
visitors are interested and are willing buyers of these.
 Festivals staged for visitors help to keep local cultures
alive.
Potentially Negative Environmental Impacts of
Tourism

 Changes of land use.

 Congestion and air pollution.
 Contribution to worldwide environmental problems.
 Deterioration and disturbance of the natural
ecology.
 Deterioration of archaeological, historical,
architectural, and natural sites.
Potentially Negative Environmental Impacts of
Tourism

 Impacts of foot traffic.

 Pollution of beaches, lakes, rivers, and underground water.
 Visual clutter.
 Insufficient utility service capacities.
 Positive Environmental
Impacts of Tourism

 Greater protection of specific ecosystems.

 More control of harmful economic activities
such as logging and commercial fishing.
 Part of visitor expenditures may be
reinvested in research and better
conservation programs.
 Greater understanding among local
residents of environmental issues.
 Principles of
Sustainable Tourism Development

1. Ecological sustainability

2. Social and cultural sustainability

3. Economic sustainability
Three main principles (McIntyre, 1993):
Ecological sustainability
Social and cultural sustainability
Economic sustainability

13
 Economic sustainability

Economic Development and

sociocultural protection Economic growth
Private profit Conservationism
Market expansion

Local self-reliance STD Ecological process

Social accountability Biological diversity
Strengthen Biological resources
community identity Carrying capacity

Social and cultural sustainability Ecological sustainability

Deep ecology 14
http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html
Ecological Sustainability

15
 First, prior to departure, tourists purchase travel-related
clothing and equipment.

 Second, when tourists travel long distances to tourist de

stinations, they create considerable atmospheric pollutio
n and other impacts on the global environment.

 Third, upon arrival at the tourist destination, tourists ofte

n continue their accustomed habits of consumption
16
high altitude emissions from long distance ai
r travel
Marine dumping of wastes from cruise ships
little public information is available on the en
vironmental and social impacts of long dista
nce travel

17
Degradation of local water and soil quality in
to a vicious circle
Reduced access by local residents to land,
housing and marine resources

18
Green tourism & eco-tourism
Solutions to tourism-related pollution in the travel
and tourism industry are technologically availabl
e.
The industry has every opportunity to institute vo
luntary initiatives and self-regulation to address
green tourism advocates and those calling for go
vernment regulation.
The establishment of formal environmental man
agement systems (EMSs) in each business esta
blishment
19
The establishment of waste reduction progr
ams
Appropriate waste management systems an
d infrastructure
National governments and tourism business
es maintaining

20
 Green Globe is a global
benchmarking,
certification and
management system that
is based on Agenda 21
and principles of
sustainable development
endorsed by 182 Heads
of State at the United
Nations Rio de Janeiro
Earth Summit. It provides
companies and
communities with a path
to sustainable travel and
tourism.
21
22
a) an architectural concept of a symbiosis of
buildings and nature
b) eco-airport features that seek to preserve
and foster the local eco-system
c) the commitment to co-exist harmoniously
with the surrounding community

23
Cultural Sustainablility

----Positive

----Negative

24
 A better understanding between different
civilizations
 Introduce the local traditions to the world
 Achieve the up-to-date theory and

technology

25
 Regain the respect of many marginalized
traditions
 Lead many traditions to their 2nd blooming

26
 Disrupt the original lifestyle.
 The different cultural background may result in a

misunderstanding between visitors & local

community.
 Leading to the increasing rate of crime, decrease

the public morality.

27
Assimilation: “Process of assimilating or
being assimilated.” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s
English-Chinese Dictionary)
Vulgarization: “Process of becoming vulgar”,
reduce the profound meanings of traditions.
Commercialization: More and more people
tend to treat traditions with an attitude of
making profit.

28
 According to the USA website: www.MSNBC.com,
under the destruction of improper tourism developing,
the Great Wall is disappearing at a daily-growing
speed. Without effective protection, we won’t see it in
the next century.

29
See traditions in the light of development
 Keep the essence, discard the dross
 Treat cultural differences with
acceptance
Education
 Emphasize the importance of treasuring
the heritages
 Cultivate experts, protect the historical
sites with up-to-date theory
Balance the development and protection
30
Economic Sustainability

31
Positive Effects Negative Effects
Increasing foreign Leakage
exchange earnings
Increasing income Enclave tourism (cruise
line)
Increasing employment Infrastructure costs
Stimulation of Increase in prices
infrastructure
development
Economic dependence of
the local community on
tourism
Seasonal character of jobs
Other industry impacts
affecting tourism
(economic crises) 32
Encouraging
Import
Substitution

33
Implementing
Incentive
Programs

Cause an inflow of
capital to develop
the tourism
destination mix

34
Problems &
Issues

35
A Destination
Should:
Examine the performance of other countries’
incentive programs in light of their resources
and development objectives

Research the actual needs of investors

Design codes of investment concessions related
to specific development objectives, with precise
requirements of the investors
Establish targets of achievement and periodically
monitor and assess the level of realization of
such targets
36
Dealing with
Multinational
Tourism
Companies
When the tourism has developed , the opportunity has
arisen for the global expansion of large tourism
companies. These multinational companies have been
criticized for operating to benefit their own profitability
at the expense of destination areas. And most
multinational tourism companies have their head
offices in the most developed countries. But those kind
of companies usually generate lower foreign exchange
receipts than do local hotels

37
 Limited Job
Opportunities

Those multinational companies usually

employ more professional managers rather
than the local people. But some
management contracts say that three to five
years the management team must be made
up of locals. At this points , the destination
can really benefit from the foreign owned
companies.

38
 Charter Issue

Visitors prefer to travel by an airline of their

country of origin rather than by the airline
of the destination country for the quality
and safety issue. So sometimes the lease of
aircraft from developed countries is
necessary , especially for developing
countries

39
 Tour Operators

Tour operators can influence the destination a lot .

So if destination areas become totally dependent on
foreign tour operators , they risk losing control of
tourism development, and also foreign exchange
revenues may suffer. In addition, by dealing with
operators who specialize in smaller but more
specialized markets, there is more chance that local
inbound operators will be used.

40
 Foreign Currency

Some countries have limited the amount of their own

currency that visitors can bring into and take out to
ensure that foreign currency is used to pay bills
within the destination. Some destinations may have
some strict requirements of currency to the visitors.
And also some requirements about currencies for the
foreign tour operators.

41
Coopetition

The definition of coopetition is the need

for cooperation among tourism
destinations in order to better market the
tourism product effectively and meet the
competition at the regional or global
level.

42
 Co
-
op
eti
Coop
tio
-
n
etitio
n

Figure1.1 Venn diagram of Figure1.2 Venn diagram

government, business and of two small
non-profit coopetition communities practicing
coopetition
43
Economic
Analysis
Methods

44
Cost /Benefit Analysis
-------A technique used to determine
which economic sector produces the most
benefit in terms of foreign exchange ,
employment , taxes , or income generated
relative to the costs of development.

Disadvantage: the results of cost/benefit

analysis are too dependent on the
appropriateness of its assumptions. It is not
possible to check actual performance
against prediction.
45
Structural Analysis

As growth occurs, long-term economic

changes can be tracked through structural
analysis. There are three different processes
must be studied:

(1) Accumulation processes( investment,

government revenue, education)

(2) Resource allocation process( structure of

domestic demand, production and trade)

(3) Demographic and distribution process

( labor allocation , urbanization, demographic
transition, income distribution)
46
Satellite National Accounting

The World Tourism Organization and World Travel & Tourism

Council support the concept of analyzing tourism through a
satellite account for tourism. In essence, this means adding up
the impacts of tourism that have traditionally been allocated to
other economic sectors.

47
Meets the needs of present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
—— World Commission on Environment
and Development (1987)

48
The use of natural resources to support
economic activity without compromising the
environment’s carrying capacity, which is its
ability to continue producing those economic
goods and services.
—— Manning and Dougherty (1995)

49
 Tourism which is developed and maintained in
an area (community, environment) in such a
manner and such a scale that it remains viable
over an indefinite period and does not degrade
or alter the environment (human and physical) in
which it exists to such a degree that it prohibits
the successful development and well-being of
other activities and processes.
—— Butler (1993)

50
 51
http://www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm
 It tries its utmost to maintain the importance of
local culture and tradition.
 It is informatory, as it doesn’t only let tourist
know about the destinations but also it helps
locals knowing about the culture and civilizations
of tourists.
 It is aimed to conserve the resources of
destinations where one is visiting to.
 It seeks deeper involvement of locals, which
provide local people an opportunity and make
their living.
 It stresses pointedly upon integrity of the tourist
places.
52
This WTO report recommends that tourism
needs to be developed to satisfy three broad
principles (Ding and Pigram, 1995):
1. To improve the quality of life of the host
community.
2. To provide a high-quality experience for
visitors.
3. To maintain the quality of environment on
which both the host community and the visitors
depend.
McIntyre, G. 1993. Sustainable Tourism Development: 53
Guide for Local Planners. Madrid ： World Tourism Organization.
 Economic viability
 Local prosperity
 Employment quality
 Social equity
 Visitor fulfillment
 Local control
 Community wellbeing
 Cultural richness
 Physical integrity
 Biological diversity
 Resource efficiency
 Environmental purity
542005
Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers, in September
—— released by UNEP and WTO.
Provinces Central
Government

55
 Oct. 25.1995, the United Nations released Paris
Declaration: In 21 century, the only way for mankind
to survive is to learn the essence from Confucius
2500 years ago.
 Government--Official members who involve in
policy-setting and planning need to recognize and
give equal consideration to both potential positive
and negative effects of tourism.
 Private sectors-- consciously balance the interests
of profit, environment, and social and culture.
 Community-- Local people must play a key role in
determining the future of tourism in their community.
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 References
 McIntyre, G. 1993. Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for
Local Planners. Madrid ： World Tourism Organization.
 Manning, E. W., and T. D. Dougherty. 1995. Sustainable tourism:
Preserving the golden goose. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant
Administration Quarterly, 36 (2):29-42.
 Butler, R. W. 1993. Pre- and Post-Impact Assessment of Tourism
Development. Tourism research: Critiques and challenges. New York:
Routledge. 135-155.
 Ding, P., and J. Pigram, 1995. Environmental audits: An emerging
concept in sustainable tourism development. Journal of Tourism
Studies, 6 (2):2-10.
 David L . Edgell, Srand R. Todd Haenisch.(1995). Coopetition: Global
Tourism Beyond the Millennium, 2.
 From Newspaper article’ “Coopetition” is needed in eastern N.C ‘,
The Daily Reflector, Greenville, North Carolina, 04 November 2004.
 Robert Christie Mill and Alastair M . Morrison. (2006). The Tourism
System. US: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
 Yongjin Deng, Folklore-based Tourism, Yunnan University Press
 Zhaoxiang Ba, National folklore Tourism, Fujian People’s Publishing
House
 Xing Xiao, The Development of the Chinese Tourism Resources,
China Travel & Tourism Press 57
 References
 http://www.ecoindia.com/sustainable-tourism.html
 http://www.sectur.gob.mx/wb/secturing/sect_ing_destinations_care/_rid/
9595/_mto/3/_wst/maximized?imp_act=imp_step3&page=0
 http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html
 http://www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm
 http://www.world-tourism.org/
 http://www.wttc.org/
 http://www.msnbc.com/
 http://dlib.cnki.net/kns50/detail.aspx?
filename=2007096274.nh&dbname=CMFD2007
 http://www.scribd.com/doc/2931610/ARCHAEOLOGY-TOURISM-
AND-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENT-
 http://www.wttc.org/bin/pdf/temp/progresspriorities05-06.html
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The End !

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